Just The Book

Question 1

Lexicology:
Semantics:

Answer 1

1.The study of lexicon or lexis(vocabulary)
2.Its concerned with structures:
Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic
3.Semantics comes from Semasiology (sem-mazio-logy) words to concepts
4. Lexicologists look for generalization/regularities/interrealtions

Question 2

Lexemes
Lexical units
Lexemes vs lexical units

Answer 2

Lexemes: are found in the dictionary a family of lexical units
Lexical units: a union of form and sense; a single meaning of a lexeme

Question 3

What is a semene?

Answer 3

The meaning of a lexical unit; it can be broken down into semes which semantic components

Question 4

Coponential anaysis

Answer 4

the analysis of the meaning of a word or other linguistic unit into discrete semantic components.

Question 5

Linguistc sign: Saussure

Answer 5

1. distinguised between concept(signifie)and acoustic image (signifiant)
2. The relation between the two is arbtrary(not inherent)
3. Obligatory for the speech community to agree
4. Linearity: two linguistic signs cannot be at the same point

Question 6

Linguistc sign: Ogden& Richards

Answer 6

1. Semiotic triangle
2. No direct connection between word(symbol) and thing(ref/object)
   Disgnation bet: ref&concept
   Denotation bet: sign form and the ref
   Signification bet: sign form and concept

Question 7

Linguistc sign: Pierce

Answer 7

Icons: based on similariy
Symbols: based on convention
Index: based on the existential

Question 8

The principle of Compositionality

Answer 8

1. The meaning of a sentence or expression is determined by the meaning of its parts and the rules that combine them.
   There are problems
2. The meaning of the sentence vs the meaning of the speaker
   2.contextuality
   3.circularity
   4.indvidual differences
   5.knowledge

Question 9

Context of interpretation

2 situations

Answer 9

Selection: the process of finding the meaning of a sentence by using context
Modulation:
Is finding meaning by using the highlighted aspects of the sentence.

Question 10

Semantic traits:

Answer 10

Elements that help define a lexical unit
Example: dog
1.Critical-dog-animal
2.expected-barking
3.unexpected-singing
4.possible- a brown dog
5.excluded-cats

Cannonical: traits that indicates irregularities ex: 3 legged dog

Question 11

Promotion,demotion

Highlighting backgrounding

Answer 11

Promotion and Demotion:
The subconcious modification of the hierchy of lexical traits ex: pouring v
Butter into a dish
Solid is demoted liquid is promoted
In contrast
Highlighting and Backgrounding
The emphasizing of a semantic trait
Ex my car is fast: performance is emphasized and the other feature like appearance is in the background

Question 12

Lexical relations

2 types

Answer 12

Paradigmatic: relations at the level of the system; dealing with identical/interchangable parts

Syntagmatic: relations between sentence members

Question 13

Logical relations: point of departure

Congruence

Answer 13

1. Identity: synonmy
2. inclusion: hypernymy/hyponymy
3. overlap: polysymy
4. disjunction:homonymy

Question 14

Quasi-relations

Answer 14

Idiosyncratic relations that don’t quite fit…

Red green/ colored

Question 15

Lexical fields:

Answer 15

Subsystems of the lexical systems
Examples
Color terms, cooking terms, kinship terms

Question 16

Lexical configurations

Answer 16

Hierchies: Branching(taxomic part/whole), non branching

Doublets: pairs of opposits

Clusters:grouping of lexical items that lack structure(groups) of synonyms)

Question 17

Lexical configurations proportional series:

Answer 17

4 elements: from any 3 the 4th can be determined

Dog/puppy/Cat/kitten

Question 18

Lexical configurations: part whole relation

Answer 18

Meronymy: crown to monarch

Question 19

Assymetry

Answer 19

When two languages are compared assymetry and gaps are revealed in the subsystems:

Lioness but no horsees

When a higher abstract term is missing the language will correct this with a nominal phrase: parent in law
Also assymetry may come out in context only: bachelor/spinster

Question 20

Transitive and intransitive

Answer 20

Paul is taller than Ralf and Ralf is taller than peter: Transitive paul is taller than Peter

Question 21

Change of meaning:

Change of aspect of logic

Answer 21

Extension (widening)
bird, pig, used to be referring to the offspring of Fowl, Swine and
Restriction (narrowing)
Deer used to refer to all animals in a forest now just one type

Question 22

Transfer of meaning

Answer 22

Metaphor: tranfer of exterior features honey= term of endearment
Metonymy:name of attribute = the thing
Crown=monarchy
Syndoche: part of whole
Wheels instead of car