Levelling up Left Behind Places: chapter 1 Flashcards
what is spatial inequality?
the unequal distribution of resources and services across different areas or locations
what are the two events in the last century which have highlighted spatial inequality?
covid and the 2007-08 financial crisis
what are left behind areas?
places that rank highly on the indices of multiple deprivation and lack social infrastructure. some people define it as those areas showing the strongest political discontent whilst others define it as those areas with greatest economic disadvantage
what occured to spatial inequality from postwar to the 1980s?
there was a slow but progressive narrowing of the unequal distribution of resources and services across different areas or locations
what did the notion of left behind areas used to associate disadvantage with?
it associated it with immobility and people staying in place. it used to be a migratory term with young and ambitious members of developing countries will leave, resulting in a less productive older demographic. this leads to economic distance between the prosperous concentrated countries and those left behind
how did trump utilise the left behind places in his political campaign?
in his 2016 campaign, trump capitalised on the grievances of the left behind places with the populist agenda of economic nationalisation to restrict globalisation, revive traditional industries and to bring jobs back to the countries economically lagging towns and cities. he did this by blaming the failures of previous US administrations to protect domestic interests and prevent jobs being outsorced
how was the brexit vote of 2016 affected by the left behind places?
the brexit vote owed a lot of the support to the less prosperous industrial cities and localities in the midlands and the north of England. a lot of these have previously voted labour however the promise to get brexit done converted a lot to conservatives.
how did the covid pandamemic affect the left behind places?
many of the poorer parts of the country has borne the brunt of the covid pandemic. UK imposed strict social and economic lockdown in order to control the spread so the economy plummeted into a downturn. both the infection rates and economic contraction was the highest in the least prosperous areas of the country many in the north. the structure of the jobs in those places such as essential public services which cannot be performed at home meant that they were more exposed to viral transmissions and less able to isolate. the covid pandemic further exposed and intensified the spatial inequalities that had been developing previously
how do other policy goals supporr the UK governments levelling up agenda?
the legal commitment to be net zero carbon by the year 2050 is supposed to be targeted at green investment projects in the UK industrial heartlands. this will drive forward the green industrial revolution which will build green jobs and industries of the future
how have studies and discussions aied to define and identify left behind area?
they tried to identify the areas by collating various indicators of local economic and social conditions such as wages, incomes, housing conditions , unemployment rates and education attainments etc and then combining these into some sort of composite index of socio economic disadvantage. these index then can be used to target policies such as funding or targeting resources
what is IoDs and IMDs, and how have they been used within the UK?
IoDs are local indices of deprivation and IMDs are indices of multiple deprivations. national and local organisations can use this IOD to target funding and resources to deprived areas
how does the political agenda affect the leveling up incentive?
the left agenda for levelling up is targetted at addressing subjective conditions of negative wellbeing, political discontent and dissatisfaction and is seeking to address these rapidly by way of visible community social and public investments. the right wing agenda is more economic and focused on a program of longer term and more radical reduction of inter and intra regional differences in economic prosperity and performance, focusing on such indicators such as employment, wages and productivity. the first has mostly a political appeal but is likely to be an inadequate and superficial response to the structural problem.
what is club convergence?
convergence within groups of regions or areas sharing similar features but not neccesariarly between different clubs or regions
what does club convergence mean about the degree of levelling up?
club convergence implys that the degree to which places can be levelled up will always be conditional to some extent on such irreducible differences or on how these differences themselves can in fact be reduced.
what is the equity efficiency trade off?
the notion that the policy choice is between faster national growth and greater social equity. one can have one or the other but never both`
