capital labour and justice - gender Flashcards
how did womens participation in employment change over time?
before the 20th century women would work in subsistence farming
the earnings gap narrowed during the industrial revolution
during the 20th century, high income countries employment opportunitys increased for women due to?
expansion of white collar work
technological change (both at home and at work)
changes in education ( expansion of secondary education)
what were marriage bars?
institutional barrier which prevented married women from working
what was the effect of tje rise in white collar work?
due to the rise in white collar work, the wage gap fell however wage discrimination increased. by 1940 , more than 50% of the earnings gap in the office work could not be accounted for by individual productivity
what was a large cause for the earnings gap not accounted for by individual productivity?
promotion played a key part in the earnings gap and loyalty/commitment were important for promotion. as women were expected to have a lower job tenure than men, employers would use gender as a signal fro promotion. this earnings gap remained stable for the early part of the 20th century despite increases in GDP and the female participation rate
why did the earnings gap take so long to narrow?
expectations - womens expectations about future labour force participation determine investment in education. in the 1900s, the girls expectations about future prospects were accurate based on what mother did and in 1950s this is inaccurate
the pill - it was not until the late 1960s that the pill was available to unmarried women, but laws varied by state (before this you had to be married). the pill meant women married later and lowered the cost of long term educatioj
what is the motherhood penalty?
within occupations gaps emerge and increase during childbirth. this is due to the time away from the labour market (human capital) , returning to work at reduced hour, part time work offers less pay pro rata as full time work
what are motherhood penalty interventions?
paternity leave doestn have much of an impact
publicly provided childcare reduces motherhood penalty by 23% in years of use
working from home?
what is the effect on the gender pay gap if firms did not pay more for individuals who work certain hours?
the gender pay gap would shrink, the gender pay gap is larger for occupations with more time pressure and contact with others. this has been partially resolved in occupations like technology, science and helath but not in corporate, financial and legal world
what is DAG?
directed acyclic graphical which is a graphical representation of chain of causal effect.
they are theoretically informed by eg economic theory
importantly an absence of an arrow implies you think there is no causal relationship in the data
direct casuality : D-> Y
indirect causality : D -> X -> Y
what do dashed lines in the DAGs represent?
dashed lines represent an unobservable characteristic and is a backdoor bath ie one we cannot see in the data
what do we need to do to establish causality in DAGs?
we want to close all backdoor pathways
what is a collider bias?
when there is a causal relationship D->Y but there is also a non causal backdoor path D->X<-Y, they are both colliding on X so if you control for them it actually biases your results;
what is an example of collider bias?
if you want to find a correlation between talent for acting and attractiveness, but there is no theoretical reason why this would be this case
if you controlled for the person being a proffesional actor you might end up with negative correlation
if you are very attractive, you dont need to be all that good at acting to make it in hollywood
what is the gender equality paradox?
most women studied science and tech in countries with less gender progressive policies
stoet and geary claim that as gender progressive countries are richer, women are free to choose what interests them
