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Millwright Block 1 Harmonized (NS) > Levelling And Bore Alignment > Flashcards

Levelling And Bore Alignment Flashcards

1
Q

What does Level mean?

A

To put into the same plane as the horizon

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2
Q

What does Flat mean?

A

To level but typically on a slope or angle

Ex: incline conveyer

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3
Q

What does plumb mean?

A

To align perpendicular to the horizontal. (Vertical levelling)

Example: bucket elevator

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4
Q

What does square mean?

A

Refers to something that is aligned 90 degrees to a reference line

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5
Q

What is an optical tool

A

Optical tools use and control light rays with various lenses and prisms

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6
Q

What are the (6) advantages of using an optical tool for alignment?

A
  1. Does not sag
  2. Cannot kink
  3. No tripping hazard
  4. Remains straight in long distances
  5. No vibrations
  6. Accurate within thousandths of an inch
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7
Q

What are the (2) main sources of error with optical lines?

A

Reflection and refraction can cause the lines of sight to bend producing inaccurate readings.

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8
Q

What are (4) examples of things that would cause problems with optical lines of sight?

A
  1. Shooting through heat waves
  2. Shooting through gas
  3. Using a sighting block (small opening)
  4. Shooting near the edge of a hole
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9
Q

What happens when light rays pass from one medium to another? (Example air to glass)

A

Their direction changes.

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10
Q

What is the “normal” in terms of optical tools

A

Normal is a line perpendicular to where the two surfaces meet.

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11
Q

What happens when light passes from thinner medium into a thicker medium?

A

The light is always refracted (bends) toward the normal.

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12
Q

What happens when light passes from a thicker medium into a thinner medium?

A

The light bends away from the normal.

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13
Q

I’m terms of opticals what does a convex lens do?

A

•Focusing
•it pulls light rays closer together

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14
Q

In terms of opticals what does a concave lens do?

A

•disperses
•sends light rays further apart

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15
Q

Explain a prism in terms of optical tools and how they work

A

Has a glass body with 3 or more optically flat surfaces that are not parallel.
They control the direction of light rays through reaction and reflection.

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16
Q

What is are pentaprisms and what is the advantage to using them?

A

They are 5 sided prisims
Regardless of the angle at which the rays enter the redacted light leaves at exactly 90 degrees
Due to this the image is NOT reversed.

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17
Q

How does auto reflection and auto collimation work?

A

Based on the law of light reflection
When a mirror is tilted you can see a reflected image of an object
However when the mirror is perpendicular to your eyes you see yourself.

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18
Q

Explain using auto reflection in optical alignment to turn a line of sight 90 degrees, along with how it works.

A

A flat target mirror is attached to the side of a jig transit.
The telescope is set on a reference line and the jig is aligned to this sight.
Once the reflected image of the crosshairs is centred the transit is locked and used to sweep a plane 90 to the original reference line.

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19
Q

Why is auto collimation more accurate than auto reflection?

A

The line of sight of the telescope is aimed at reflected image of the crosshairs of the telescope itself.

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20
Q

How does auto collimation work?

A

Similar to auto reflection however the mirror is adjusted until the reflected image of the crosshairs falls on themselves.

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21
Q

What is a auto collimation illumination unit?

A

It is the light source used in auto collimation

It is mounted on the eyepiece end of the telescope. Utilizing a semi transparent mirror to allow the observer to see the crosshairs image on the mirror

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22
Q

What is auto collimation typically used for? (3)

A

-Testing and adjusting optical instruments and telescopes,
-testing prisms
-positioning machine parts to 90 degree reference line

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23
Q

What is required to use collimation?

A

Special instruments such as the jig transit telescope square

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24
Q

What is a jig transit telescope square?

A

A special instrument used in collimation
It is a transit with two telescopes mounted 90 degrees to each other

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25
Q

What is happening when crosshairs are illuminated in collimation?

A

They project the collimated rays resulting in the image of the crosshairs being projected out of the telescope.

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26
Q

Explain what an optical micrometer is and how it works

A

-It is an accessory attachment
-The lens is calibrated to a micrometer dial, which measures the amount the light ray is displaced
-as the micro dial is adjusted the crosshairs move down the scale until they are on a reading on the scale.

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27
Q

How accurate are precision targets?

A

Used with optical micrometers, it can read an accuracy of 0.001”
When used with a vernier scale it can be accurate to 0.01”
Different scales are used for varying distances to make it more accurate

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28
Q

What is a bearing target holder?

A

It accurately positions targets in the centre of bearing bores. They may have a micrometer in the legs to ease positioning

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29
Q

What is a open alignment target and when is it used?

A

It is clear with monofilament cross lines, used when a target is required at several positions along a line of sight.

These it is possible to site directly through without distorting

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30
Q

What are mirror targets used for?

A

To check perpendicularity if a part by auto reflection or auto collimation and to position the part in the line of sight

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31
Q

What is a coincidence striding leve and what’s the accuracy?

A

Used on an alignment telescope or collimator to establish the tool in a level position

Typically use a coincidence type reading making accuracy within one arc second.

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32
Q

What does a right angle eyepiece do and when is it used?

A

It is used to make viewing easier for the operator and is used when the telescope is mounted close to the floor or other obstructions.

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33
Q

What is a auto reflection target used for?

A

Mounted to the end of a telescope it is used to view the reflection of the telescopes own crosshairs when looking at a mirror

Some telescopes have these built in

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34
Q

Explain an optical square

A

Mounts on the end of an alignment telescope
Establishes a plane perpendicular to the reference line of sight.
It uses a pentaprism which allows the line of sight to change 90 degrees

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35
Q

What is the benefits to using an optical square?

A

No adjustments have to be made to set the right angle.

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36
Q

What are potable instrument stands in optical levelling normally made from and what is a disadvantage to this?

A

Commonly Mande with aluminum for ease of weight however makes them susceptible to thermal growth
The person mechanical lateral adjuster does NOT mount to these types of stands.

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37
Q

What is a trivet?

A

A special instrument stand in optical leveling for supporting instruments near the floor or any position where the line of sight is low.

Have a standard thread head for mourning lateral adjusters

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38
Q

What is a lateral adjuster?

A

An attachment that goes between the optical levelling stands and tools to allow for precision adjustments.

(Similar to crossfeed on a lathe)

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39
Q

How does a lateral adjuster mount to instrument stands?

A

Standard threads (screw on)

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40
Q

Where are inaccuracies normally developed with rough alignment scales?

A

Normally from not holding the rod truly vertical

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41
Q

Where are rough alignment scales normally used and what’s their accuracy?

A

General work such as levelling floors
Accurately read to .5 cm but can be estimated down to 1mm.

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42
Q

What’s the accuracy of a rough alignment scale when combined with an optical micrometer?

A

0.01mm
(Hundredths of a mm)

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43
Q

Typically how long is a rough alignment scale?

A

4 metres

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44
Q

What is the simplest way of obtaining an accurate reading with an alignment scale?

A

Rocking the rod (waving the rod) on each side of the vertical while it is being read.
The shortest reading is the correct one as it is the most vertical.

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45
Q

What is a rod level?

A

Consists of a fisheye level mounted at a right angle to a piece of angle iron.
This is held against the rod to ensure it is plumb

46
Q

How are precision alignment scales in optical levelling normally constructed?

A

Typically a shorter scale made of hardened tool steel anywhere from 3-40” in length.

47
Q

What is the accuracy of a precision alignment scale in optical leveling?

A

When temperatures are 20C or 68F they are accurate within 0.001”

48
Q

What is the alignment bar system in optical levelling?

A

Measures large linear distances vertically or horizontally to over 100ft. Iconostasis if a precision track that a carriage with the optical tool rides on.

49
Q

What is the accuracy of the alignment bar system in optical levelling?

A

Accurate to 0.001”

50
Q

What are alignment telescopes commonly used for?

A

To establish a straight reference line of sight. However with the correct attachment they have various uses.

51
Q

What attachment is needed with an alignment level to establish a level reference line?

A

Coincidence striding level

52
Q

What attachment is needed with an alignment level to establish a vertical line

A

Special plumb aligned bracket

53
Q

What attachment is needed with an alignment level to establish a plane perpendicular to a reference line?

A

An optical square

54
Q

All optical instruments use ____________ for viewing the target and all work on the same principle.

A

A telescope

55
Q

The optical telescope must be equipped with what for precision work?

A

Optical micrometer

56
Q

What are tilting levels used for in optical alignment?

A

To establish a level plane, they have to ability to tilt on their horizontal axis to adjust for level.

57
Q

What is a line of sight in optical levelling?

A

Is an extension of the optical axis established between the telescope and the target.

58
Q

What is a plumb aligned bracket in optical levelling?

A

A special jig that allows the telescope to be set up to establish a vertical plumb line.

59
Q

What are the (4) main producers for establishing a plane perpendicular to a reference line?

A
  1. Optical square
  2. Auto reflection
  3. Auto collimation
  4. Collimation
60
Q

What is the purpose of a jig transit in optical levelling?

A

To align and establish precise vertical planes and plumb lines.

61
Q

What does a Theodolite measure?

A

Angles

62
Q

What are the five optical questions?

A
  1. Is it level
  2. Is it flat
  3. Is it plumb
  4. Is it straight
  5. Is it square
63
Q

What can be used to answer all 5 optical questions?

A

Jig transit

64
Q

Before use what must be done with a jig transit?

A

It must be levelled, aligned, and checked for error.

65
Q

What is “bucking in” in terms of optical alignment?

A

The process of aligning an optical tool into two targets at the same time.

66
Q

What are reference plugs normally made of?

A

Brass

67
Q

How can you check the accuracy of a jig transit or theodolite?

A

Using a heavy plumb bob and oil

68
Q

What does oil do in use with a plumb bob?

A

It helps stabilize the wire by limiting movement.

69
Q

Which is more accurate for levelling a jug transit telescope or an alignment telescope, and why?

A

Alignment telescope
- due to the longer length of the telescope.

70
Q

What can theodolites be used for?

A

Measuring angles on horizontal and vertical plane.

71
Q

What is the main disadvantage to using a theodolite

A

They can be difficult to set up and tend to be more complicated than tilting levels

72
Q

The measurement of horizontal and vertical angles is unique to ____________

A

Theodolites

73
Q

How accurate is wire alignment when done properly?

A

Can be as close to 0.0001”

74
Q

What is the (3) benefits of using wire alignment?

A
  1. Simplicity
  2. Ease of setup
  3. Cost
75
Q

What is the wire commonly used in wire alignment?

A

Piano wire

76
Q

What is normally added to a plumb bob to add drag?

A

Wings

77
Q

What is the main disadvantage of using the horizontal wire alignment method?

A

Gravity causes sag

78
Q

______________ are used as reference points to set the final elevations of installed machinery

A

Bench marks

79
Q

What term means align to the vertical?

A

Plumb

80
Q

When passing from thinner to thicker material light is always refracted __________ the normal

A

Towards

81
Q

What is another name for crosshairs?

A

Reticle

82
Q

What is designed to be used so that no matter what angle the incident ray enters the refracted ray leaves at 90 degrees? (2)

A

Pentaprism or optical square

83
Q

What is normally used to rough level optical equipment? (2)

A

Fish eye or circular bubble

84
Q

The purpose of a/an ______________ is to establish a level plane strictly for levelling procedures

A

Tilting level

85
Q

Optical levelling refers to the process of determining the difference in __________ or ___________ between two points

A

Level or height

86
Q

With the ____________ attachment optical instruments can be used to measure with precision as close as 0.0001 inches but more commonly down to 0.001inch (0.02mm)

A

Optical micrometer

87
Q

All optical levelling equipment is basically composed of a telescope with a spirit level, attached in such a manner that when the spirit level is centred the line of sight through the telescope is ______________

A

Horizontal

88
Q

To maintain accuracy it is important to keep the ______________ an equal distance from the back sight and the foresight

A

Instrument

89
Q

Auto collimation is similar to auto reflection but is more ___________

A

Accurate

90
Q

What does levelling machine bases do? (2)

A

Reduces machine strain
Provides opportunities to pre align shafted at coupling locations before grout is poured

91
Q

What are the 3 main groups of laser levels?

A

-high accuracy, long distance
-high accuracy, short distance
- construction grade

92
Q

What is the limitation (accuracy) of construction grade lasers?

A

1/4” over 100ft

93
Q

What is laser accuracy based on?

A

Smallest accurate reading at the greatest distance away from the laser.

94
Q

What are the (7) laser options with programmed lasers?

A
  1. Shaft alignment horizontal
  2. Shaft alignment vertical
  3. Single flat plane (straightness)
  4. Perpendicularity (90 degrees to a levelled surface)
  5. Perpendicularity with a slight angle deviation
  6. Parallelism
  7. Spindle alignment
95
Q

What is the (2) benefits of using a high accuracy short distance laser

A

-cost (much cheaper than long distance)
-very accurate

96
Q

What are the 3 key parts to a high accuracy short distance laser?

A
  1. Laser
  2. Reviver
  3. Mounting hardware
97
Q

What are laser plumb bobs made from

A

Brass

98
Q

Where are pocket sized laser levels used?

A

Where there is insufficient space to create a reference line.

99
Q

What are laser angle generators used for?

A

To quickly measure slopes and angles

100
Q

What are laser glasses?

A

Used to improve the visibility of a laser dot
(They do NOT give eye protection)

101
Q

Who should calibrate a laser?

A

Only an authorized dealer

102
Q

How can combination laser beams and vial levels be checked for accuracy?

A

By reversing the level end for end and checking the position of the bubble

103
Q

What is a bench mark?

A

A fixed reference point which all measurements are taken

104
Q

What does optical levelling refer to?

A

Determining the difference in level or height between two points

105
Q

Into which safety classification do laser tools fall into

A

Calss 2 lasers with max output less than 1mw

106
Q

Optical levelling equipment is composed of a ____________ with a ___________ attached

A

Telescope with a spirit level

107
Q

What are the (4) optical instruments used for levelling equipment?

A
  1. Alignment telescope
  2. Theodolite
  3. Tilting level
  4. Jig transit
108
Q

A period of ________ the instrument is required to ensure accurate readings

A

Acclimatizing

Due to temperature changes

109
Q

To maintain accuracy the optical took must be kept close to an equal distance from the ____________ and the ___________ to reduce error

A

Back sight and foresight

110
Q

The tilting level has a rough alignment ______________ that must be levelled before adjusting the confidence bubble

A

Circular vial (fish eye)

111
Q

A _____________ is used to identify thermal growth in the horizontal planes

A

Jig transit

Millwright Block 1 Harmonized (NS) (9 decks)

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