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Hematology > Leukopoiesis > Flashcards

Leukopoiesis Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Reference Range for WBC

A

4.5 - 11.5X10^9

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2
Q

Leukocyte distribution

A

neutrophils=50-70%

lymphocytes=18-42%

monocytes= 2-11%

eosinophils = 1-3%

basophils = 0-2%

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3
Q

Neutrophil Maturation (6 stages)

A

myeloblast

promyelocyte

myelocyte

metamyelocyte

band neutrophil

segmented neutrophil

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4
Q

Myeloblast

A

14-20 microns

N/C ratio 4:1

nucleoli open chromatin

no granules

CD34, CD33, CD13, CD38

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5
Q

Promyelocyte

A

14-20 microns

N/C 3:1 nucleoli

open chromatin basophilic in color

PRIMARY GRANULES

CD33 CD38

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6
Q

Myelocyte

A

12-18 microns

N/C 2:1 or 1:1

often eccentric nucleus

APPEARANCE OF 2nd (specific) GRANULES primary granules may be present

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7
Q

Metamyelocyte

A

10-18 microns

N/C 1:1

INDENTED, KIDNEY BEAN nucleus no nucleoli clumped chromatin pink cytoplasm secondary granules beginning of tertiary granules

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8
Q

Band Neutrophil

A

‘stab cell’, nonsegmented

N/C 1:1

curved nucleus VERY CLUMPED chromatin pink cytoplasm secondary granules and tertiary granules

5% in peripheral blood

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9
Q

Segmented Neutrophil

A

polymorphonuclear leukocyte, PMN, seg, polys

distinct lobes 2-5 with a thin nuclear filament

no nucleoli

densely packed chromatin secondary & tertiary granules and secretory vesicles

CD15 CD16 CD11b CD18

50-70% in peripheral blood

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10
Q

Neutrophil Lifespan

A

BM-differentiation, proliferation, maturation (6-7 days)

PB- circulate for a few hours

Tissues- perform their function of host defense (1-5 days in tissues)

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11
Q

Neutrophil Function

A
  1. adherence
  2. migration
  3. phagocytosis
  4. bacterial killing
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12
Q

Neutrophil adherence

A

free flowing in the blood -> endothelium cell is activated by cytokines signal activates neutrophil activated neutrophil rolls to specific endothelium cell moves through blood vessel wall (pseudo pods)

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13
Q

neutrophil migration

A

chemotaxis- crawling movement gradient of chemicals directs movement neutrophil shape alteration

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14
Q

neutrophil phagocytosis

A

Ingestion of foreign particles requires large amount of energy

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15
Q

Neutrophil Bacterial killing

A

antimicrobial granules fuse with the phagosome

oxygen-dependent/oxidative

oxygen-independent/nonoxidative

NETS

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16
Q

Oxygen-dependent/oxidative bacterial killing

A

phagocytosis with ‘respiratory burst’:

hydrogen peroxide

superoxide anion

hydroxyl radicals

myeloperoxidase

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17
Q

Oxygen-independent/nonoxidative bacterial killing

A

release of granules:

myeloperoxidase

lysozyme (hydrolyze cell wall of some bacteria)

lactoferrin (directly bactericidal)

hydrolases (digests microbes)

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18
Q

NETs

A

neutrophil extra cellular traps neutrophils release granule proteins and chromatin that forms fibers that bind the bacteria kills bacteria

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19
Q

Eosinophils General

A

develop from CFU-GEMM and CFU-Eo

same 6 stages of maturation

distinguish from neutrophils by prominent granules (orange/pink)

granules will not obscure nucleus

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20
Q

Eosinophil granules

A

major basic protein (MBP)

eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)

eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)

eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN)

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21
Q

Major basic protein (MBP)

A

eosinophil granule cytotoxic for protozoa and helminth parasites

release of histamine & heparin

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22
Q

eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)

A

release of histamine & heparin enhances mucus production in the bronchi

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23
Q

eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN)

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A

inhibits T cell reponses

24
Q

eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)

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A

cytotoxic for tumor & host cells

stimulates histamine relase

25
Eosinophil function
host defense against helminth parasites associated with pro-inflammatory cells active in allergic diseases, parasitic infections, chronic inflammation
26
Basophils General/ Maturation
develop from CFU-GEMM & CFU-Baso basophilic blast promyelocyte basophilic myelocyte basophilic metamyelocyte basophilic band basophil Basophil
27
Basophil Granules
large, dark blue/purple/black various sizes, unevenly distributed obscure the nucleus! contain HISTAMINE as well as heparin, platelet activating factor, leukotriene C4, IL-4, IL-13
28
Mast cells
resident TISSUE 'basophils' live from weeks to months similar function to basophil
29
Basophil Function
poorly understood mediators in inflammatory response (especially in hypersensitivity) receptors for IgE that cross linked with Ag result in granule release enzymes released are: vasoactive bronchoconstrictive chemotactic
30
Hypersensitivity steps
1. Ag is presented to T helper cells 2. stimulates B cell production= produce large # of IgE 3. IgE attach to mast cells and basophils = sensitization phase 4. exposed to Ag for a 2nd time= activates mast/baso cells and release histamine & cytokines
31
Monocytes Maturation
CFU-GEMM & CFU-GM monoblast promonocyte monocyte
32
Monoblast
12-20 microns N/C ratio 4:1 round/folded/indented nucleus fine chromatin vacuoles may be present no granules abundant cytoplasm
33
Promonocyte
12-20 microns 3:1 or 2:1 ratio irregular/folded nucleus fine chromatin vacuoles may be present/granules may be present
34
Monocyte
12-20 microns 2:1 1:1 ratio ABNORMAL NUCLEUS fine chromatin abundant blue/grey cytoplasm VACUOLES 'ground glass' appearance
35
Macrophages General
matured monocytes in the tissues: cellular enlargement 15-80 microns round nucleus/ nucleoli appear many vacuoles distinct granules long lived!
36
Tissue specific Macrophage names
liver- Kupffer cells Lungs- alveolar macrophages skin-langerhans cells brain-microglial cells
37
Monocyte/ Macrophage function
ingest & kill microorganisms/cellular debris & foreign matter phagocytosis is much quicker than neutrophils antigen presenting cells
38
Antigen-independent lymphopoeisis
primary lymphoid tissue T & B cells have not reacted with Ag exit primary lymph tissue migrate to 2nd lymphoid tissue
39
antigen-dependent lymphopoeisis
begins with recognition of & interaction with antigens results in formation of: T cytotoxic T helper T regulatory plasma cells memory cells
40
Primary Lymphoid tissue
bone marrow thymus
41
Secondary lymphoid tissue
lymph nodes spleen tonsils Peyer's patches (intestine)
42
T Lymphocyte maturation
develop initially in thymus Pro T Pre T Immature T leave thymus and migrate to 2ndary lymph organs to become activated by Ag
43
B Lymphocytes
initially develop in BM Pro B Pre B Immature B once activated -\> produces B memory cells or plasma cells
44
NK cells
form of cytotoxic lymphocyte kill tumor cells & pathogen infected cells CD16 CD56
45
Memory Cells
elicit a rapid 2ndary response arise from T & B blast cells
46
Lymphoblast
4:1 ratio nucleoli fine chromatin no granules
47
Prolymphocyte
4:1 / 3:1 ratio fewer nucleoli slightly condensed chromatin no/few granules
48
Lymphocyte categories
small and large lymphocyte
49
Small Lymphocyte
6-10 microns 4:1 or 3:1 ratio deeply condensed chromatin very small amount of cytoplasm
50
Large lymphocytes
11-18 microns 3:1 ratio round/oval nucleus variable nucleoli colorless to blue cytoplasm
51
Reactive Lymphocytes
'atypical' 'variant' 'transformed' 'stimulated' 'actiavted' commonly seen in viral infections enlarged nucleus round/lobulated/folded/elongated/stretched irregular nucleus chromatin patterns vary may have vacuoles membrane may be indented by surrounding RBCs
52
Plasma Cells
B cells that have transformed to produce antibodies not normally found in the PB reside in lymph nodes, BM, GI tract 9-20 microns ECCENTRIC nucleus Clumped chromatin DEEPLY BASOPHILIC CYTOPLASM
53
Flame Cells
morphological variation of plasma cell reddish/purple cytoplasm red tinge due to glycoproteins purplish due to ribosomes
54
Mott Cells
'grape cells' filled with globules containing Ig (russell bodies)
55
B cell precursor CD markers
CD10 CD19 CD21 CD22 CD24
56
T cell precursor CD markers
CD1 CD2 CD3 CD5 CD7

Hematology (14 decks)

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