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Hematology > Leukopoiesis > Flashcards

Leukopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Reference Range for WBC

A

4.5 - 11.5X10^9

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2
Q

Leukocyte distribution

A

neutrophils=50-70%

lymphocytes=18-42%

monocytes= 2-11%

eosinophils = 1-3%

basophils = 0-2%

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3
Q

Neutrophil Maturation (6 stages)

A

myeloblast

promyelocyte

myelocyte

metamyelocyte

band neutrophil

segmented neutrophil

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4
Q

Myeloblast

A

14-20 microns

N/C ratio 4:1

nucleoli open chromatin

no granules

CD34, CD33, CD13, CD38

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5
Q

Promyelocyte

A

14-20 microns

N/C 3:1 nucleoli

open chromatin basophilic in color

PRIMARY GRANULES

CD33 CD38

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6
Q

Myelocyte

A

12-18 microns

N/C 2:1 or 1:1

often eccentric nucleus

APPEARANCE OF 2nd (specific) GRANULES primary granules may be present

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7
Q

Metamyelocyte

A

10-18 microns

N/C 1:1

INDENTED, KIDNEY BEAN nucleus no nucleoli clumped chromatin pink cytoplasm secondary granules beginning of tertiary granules

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8
Q

Band Neutrophil

A

‘stab cell’, nonsegmented

N/C 1:1

curved nucleus VERY CLUMPED chromatin pink cytoplasm secondary granules and tertiary granules

5% in peripheral blood

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9
Q

Segmented Neutrophil

A

polymorphonuclear leukocyte, PMN, seg, polys

distinct lobes 2-5 with a thin nuclear filament

no nucleoli

densely packed chromatin secondary & tertiary granules and secretory vesicles

CD15 CD16 CD11b CD18

50-70% in peripheral blood

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10
Q

Neutrophil Lifespan

A

BM-differentiation, proliferation, maturation (6-7 days)

PB- circulate for a few hours

Tissues- perform their function of host defense (1-5 days in tissues)

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11
Q

Neutrophil Function

A
  1. adherence
  2. migration
  3. phagocytosis
  4. bacterial killing
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12
Q

Neutrophil adherence

A

free flowing in the blood -> endothelium cell is activated by cytokines signal activates neutrophil activated neutrophil rolls to specific endothelium cell moves through blood vessel wall (pseudo pods)

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13
Q

neutrophil migration

A

chemotaxis- crawling movement gradient of chemicals directs movement neutrophil shape alteration

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14
Q

neutrophil phagocytosis

A

Ingestion of foreign particles requires large amount of energy

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15
Q

Neutrophil Bacterial killing

A

antimicrobial granules fuse with the phagosome

oxygen-dependent/oxidative

oxygen-independent/nonoxidative

NETS

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16
Q

Oxygen-dependent/oxidative bacterial killing

A

phagocytosis with ‘respiratory burst’:

hydrogen peroxide

superoxide anion

hydroxyl radicals

myeloperoxidase

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17
Q

Oxygen-independent/nonoxidative bacterial killing

A

release of granules:

myeloperoxidase

lysozyme (hydrolyze cell wall of some bacteria)

lactoferrin (directly bactericidal)

hydrolases (digests microbes)

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18
Q

NETs

A

neutrophil extra cellular traps neutrophils release granule proteins and chromatin that forms fibers that bind the bacteria kills bacteria

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19
Q

Eosinophils General

A

develop from CFU-GEMM and CFU-Eo

same 6 stages of maturation

distinguish from neutrophils by prominent granules (orange/pink)

granules will not obscure nucleus

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20
Q

Eosinophil granules

A

major basic protein (MBP)

eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)

eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)

eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN)

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21
Q

Major basic protein (MBP)

A

eosinophil granule cytotoxic for protozoa and helminth parasites

release of histamine & heparin

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22
Q

eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)

A

release of histamine & heparin enhances mucus production in the bronchi

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23
Q

eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN)

A

inhibits T cell reponses

24
Q

eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)

A

cytotoxic for tumor & host cells

stimulates histamine relase

25
Q

Eosinophil function

A

host defense against helminth parasites associated with pro-inflammatory cells active in allergic diseases, parasitic infections, chronic inflammation

26
Q

Basophils General/ Maturation

A

develop from CFU-GEMM & CFU-Baso

basophilic blast

promyelocyte

basophilic myelocyte

basophilic metamyelocyte

basophilic band basophil

Basophil

27
Q

Basophil Granules

A

large, dark blue/purple/black various sizes, unevenly distributed obscure the nucleus!

contain HISTAMINE as well as heparin, platelet activating factor, leukotriene C4, IL-4, IL-13

28
Q

Mast cells

A

resident TISSUE ‘basophils’ live from weeks to months similar function to basophil

29
Q

Basophil Function

A

poorly understood

mediators in inflammatory response (especially in hypersensitivity) receptors for IgE that cross linked with Ag result in granule release enzymes released are:

vasoactive

bronchoconstrictive

chemotactic

30
Q

Hypersensitivity steps

A
  1. Ag is presented to T helper cells
  2. stimulates B cell production= produce large # of IgE
  3. IgE attach to mast cells and basophils = sensitization phase
  4. exposed to Ag for a 2nd time= activates mast/baso cells and release histamine & cytokines
31
Q

Monocytes Maturation

A

CFU-GEMM & CFU-GM

monoblast

promonocyte

monocyte

32
Q

Monoblast

A

12-20 microns

N/C ratio 4:1

round/folded/indented nucleus

fine chromatin

vacuoles may be present

no granules

abundant cytoplasm

33
Q

Promonocyte

A

12-20 microns

3:1 or 2:1 ratio

irregular/folded nucleus

fine chromatin

vacuoles may be present/granules may be present

34
Q

Monocyte

A

12-20 microns

2:1 1:1 ratio

ABNORMAL NUCLEUS

fine chromatin

abundant blue/grey cytoplasm VACUOLES

‘ground glass’ appearance

35
Q

Macrophages General

A

matured monocytes in the tissues: cellular enlargement 15-80 microns

round nucleus/ nucleoli appear many vacuoles distinct

granules long lived!

36
Q

Tissue specific Macrophage names

A

liver- Kupffer cells

Lungs- alveolar macrophages

skin-langerhans cells

brain-microglial cells

37
Q

Monocyte/ Macrophage function

A

ingest & kill microorganisms/cellular debris & foreign matter

phagocytosis is much quicker than neutrophils

antigen presenting cells

38
Q

Antigen-independent lymphopoeisis

A

primary lymphoid tissue T & B cells have not reacted with Ag

exit primary lymph tissue

migrate to 2nd lymphoid tissue

39
Q

antigen-dependent lymphopoeisis

A

begins with recognition of & interaction with antigens results in formation of:

T cytotoxic

T helper

T regulatory

plasma cells

memory cells

40
Q

Primary Lymphoid tissue

A

bone

marrow

thymus

41
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissue

A

lymph nodes

spleen

tonsils

Peyer’s patches (intestine)

42
Q

T Lymphocyte maturation

A

develop initially in thymus

Pro T

Pre T

Immature T

leave thymus and migrate to 2ndary lymph organs to become activated by Ag

43
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

initially develop in BM

Pro B

Pre B

Immature B

once activated -> produces B memory cells or plasma cells

44
Q

NK cells

A

form of cytotoxic lymphocyte kill tumor cells & pathogen infected cells

CD16 CD56

45
Q

Memory Cells

A

elicit a rapid 2ndary response arise from T & B blast cells

46
Q

Lymphoblast

A

4:1 ratio

nucleoli

fine chromatin

no granules

47
Q

Prolymphocyte

A

4:1 / 3:1 ratio

fewer nucleoli

slightly condensed chromatin

no/few granules

48
Q

Lymphocyte categories

A

small and large lymphocyte

49
Q

Small Lymphocyte

A

6-10 microns

4:1 or 3:1 ratio

deeply condensed chromatin

very small amount of cytoplasm

50
Q

Large lymphocytes

A

11-18 microns

3:1 ratio

round/oval nucleus

variable nucleoli

colorless to blue cytoplasm

51
Q

Reactive Lymphocytes

A

‘atypical’ ‘variant’ ‘transformed’ ‘stimulated’ ‘actiavted’

commonly seen in viral infections

enlarged nucleus

round/lobulated/folded/elongated/stretched irregular nucleus

chromatin patterns vary may have vacuoles

membrane may be indented by surrounding RBCs

52
Q

Plasma Cells

A

B cells that have transformed to produce antibodies

not normally found in the PB

reside in lymph nodes, BM, GI tract

9-20 microns

ECCENTRIC nucleus

Clumped chromatin

DEEPLY BASOPHILIC CYTOPLASM

53
Q

Flame Cells

A

morphological variation of plasma cell reddish/purple cytoplasm

red tinge due to glycoproteins

purplish due to ribosomes

54
Q

Mott Cells

A

‘grape cells’ filled with globules containing Ig (russell bodies)

55
Q

B cell precursor CD markers

A

CD10 CD19 CD21 CD22 CD24

56
Q

T cell precursor CD markers

A

CD1 CD2 CD3 CD5 CD7

Hematology (14 decks)

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