Intro to Leukemias Flashcards
1
Q
Gene mutations leading to leukemia
A
- Tumor suppressor genes are inactivated in cancer (normally promote apoptosis)
- proto-oncogenes become oncogenes, promoting growth and division and ignore tissue boundaries
2
Q
cytogenetic tests for leukemia
A
chromosome banding and FISH tests
3
Q
cytochemical stains
A
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) Sudan Black B (SBB) Esterases (specific and non-specific) Peroidic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) Tartrate-Resistant Acid phosphatase (TRAP)
4
Q
MPO
A
- myeloperoxidase is in primary granules of neutrophils, eos, and monos
- positive is dark brown color
- differentiates AML from ALL
- positive in myeloblasts
5
Q
SBB
A
- detects cellular lipids not seen with Wright stain
- granulocytes have phospholipids in membranes of primary and secondary granules
- positive is black color
- differentiates AML from ALL
- positive in myeloblasts
6
Q
Specific esterase
A
- Chloroacetate Esterase
- detection of chloroacetate esterase
- specific for granulocytes
- positive shows bright red granulation
- differentiates AML from ALL
- positive in myeloblasts
7
Q
Non-specific esterase
A
- Alpha Naphthyl Esterase
- detection of naphthyl esterase activity
- positive shows black granulation
- strong activity in monos, weak in granulocytes and lymphs
- differentiates myeloid cells from monos (AML’s)
- positive in monoblasts
8
Q
PAS
A
- positive indicates presence of glycogen
- glycogen found in mature neutrophils
- positive is magenta/purple
- differentiates AML M6 from other leukemias
- positive in lymphoblasts and M6 erythroblasts
9
Q
LAP
A
- alkaline phosphatase is in secondary granules of maturing neutrophils
- activated neutrophils contain increased LAP
- positive have blue or black granulation
- differentiate CML (low LAP) and a leukemoid reaction (high LAP)
- given a score based on deposits
10
Q
TRAP
A
- acid phosphatase found in ER of cells
- positive is maroon granules
- distinguishes hairy cell leukemia (TRAP positive)
