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A&P 2 > leukocytes, platelets, and hemostasis > Flashcards

leukocytes, platelets, and hemostasis Flashcards

week 2

1
Q

— are the only formed element that is a complete cell with organelles and a nucleus​

A

leukocytes

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2
Q

how many leukocytes are in microliters blood?

A

4,800 to 10,800

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3
Q

leukocytes play an essential role in the body’s — response​

A

immune

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4
Q

what is positive chemotaxis?

A

it’s when white blood cells are attracted to the site of infection or injury by a chemical signal released by damaged cells.

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5
Q

what is diapedesis?

A

how white blood cells “squeeze” through blood vessel walls to reach where they’re needed in the body.

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6
Q

what is the term for an elevated number of leukocytes?

A

leukocytosis

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7
Q

what is the term for a decreased number of leukocytes ​

A

leukopenia

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8
Q

what are the five types of leukocytes?

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

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9
Q

which leukocytes are granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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10
Q

which leukocytes are agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

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11
Q

what is the order of abundance of leukocytes?

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)

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12
Q

what is a specific function of neutrophils?

A

fight bacteria and inflammation.

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13
Q

what is a specific function of eosinophils?

A

defend against parasites and allergies.

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14
Q

what is a specific function of basophils?

A

trigger inflammation and help control immune response.

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15
Q

what is a specific function of lymphocytes? (T-cells and B-cells)

A

T-Cells: Fight virus-infected and tumor cells.
B Lymphocytes (B-Cells): give rise to antibody-producing plasma cells​

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16
Q

what is a specific function of monocytes?

A

large cells that turn into macrophages, which eat pathogens and help activate lymphocytes for immune responses.

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17
Q

chemical messengers called — or —trigger the creation of leukocytes

A

interleukins; colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

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18
Q

like erythrocytes, leukocytes come from —

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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19
Q

hemocytoblasts are quickly differentiated into — and — stem cells

A

lymphoid; myeloid

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20
Q

Myeloid stem cells give rise to —, —, —, and all the —

A

erythrocytes, platelets, monocytes, and granulocytes

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21
Q

— arise from the myeloid line of stem cells​

A

myeloblasts

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22
Q

— collect lysosomes

A

promyelocytes

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23
Q

— collect granules ​

A

myelocytes

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24
Q

In Band Cells, the nuclei form a —

A

curved arc

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25
Q

In mature granulocytes, nuclei are —

A

segmented

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26
Q

— are derived from the myeloid line ​

A

monocytes

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27
Q

— are derived from the lymphoid line ​

A

lymphocytes

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28
Q

T Lymphocyte Precursors give rise to immature T-Cells which mature in the —

A

thymus

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29
Q

B Lymphocyte Precursors give rise to immature B-Cells which mature in the —

A

bone marrow

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30
Q

what is leukemia?

A

the overproduction of abnormal leukocytes

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31
Q

how is leukemia caused?

A

when a single blood cell undergoes uncontrolled division, producing too many leukocytes that aren’t fully functional

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32
Q

excessive leukocytes impair normal function of —

A

red bone marrow

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33
Q

what are the four types of leukemia?

A

acute, chronic, myeloid, and lymphocytic

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34
Q

what is infectious mononucleosis?

A

highly contagious viral disease typically seen in young adults ​

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35
Q

infectious mononucleosis is caused by the —

A

Epstein-Barr Virus​

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36
Q

what are some symptoms of infectious mononucleosis?

A

fatigue, body aches, chronic sore throat, and low-grade fever ​

37
Q

how long does recovery take for infectious mononucleosis?

A

4 to 6 weeks

38
Q

how does chemotherapy work?

A

by using drugs to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells, but it can also affect healthy cells that divide quickly.

39
Q

platelets are fragments of very large cells, called —

A

megakaryocytes

40
Q

the granules contained in platelets play important roles in —

A

blood-clotting

41
Q

what would happen without platelets?

A

blood loss from an injured or damaged blood vessel would continue indefinitely

42
Q

platelets age — and degenerate within — days

A

quickly; 10

43
Q

where do platelets come from?

A

A hormone called thrombopoietin

44
Q

Each microliter of blood contains — platelets

A

150,000 to 400,000

45
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

a fast, localized reaction to stop blood loss from a damaged or injured blood vessel

46
Q

what are the three steps of hemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular Spasm ​
  2. Platelet Plug Formation ​
  3. Coagulation
47
Q

following successful hemostasis, the blood clot will retract and dissolve, what happens when the blood successfully clots?

A

the clot is replaced by fibrous tissue, which more permanently prevents blood loss

48
Q

what happens in the first step of (vascular spasm) hemostasis?

A

blood vessels constrict immediately after injury to reduce blood flow and minimize bleeding.

49
Q

what happens in the second step of (platelet plug formation) hemostasis?

A

platelets stick to the damaged area of the blood vessel and each other, forming a temporary plug to stop bleeding.

50
Q

what happens in the third step of (coagulation) hemostasis?

A

a series of chemical reactions occur that convert fibrinogen into fibrin, forming a stable blood clot to seal the wound.

51
Q

what three things can vascular spasms be triggered by?

A
  1. injury to blood vessel walls
  2. chemicals from damaged cells and platelets
  3. pain signals from nearby nerves
52
Q

normally, platelets don’t stick to each other or to the blood vessel walls because of the constant release of — and —

A

prostacyclin; nitric oxide

53
Q

a plasma protein, called —, stabilizes bound platelets

A

von Willebrand factor

54
Q

what is Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)?

A

a strong substance that causes platelets to stick together and form clumps.

55
Q

what is Serotonin and thromboxane A?

A

chemicals that help strengthen vascular spasms and promote platelet clumping.

56
Q

Once activated, clotting factors trigger a 3-phase cascade that results in coagulation and vessel repair through the enzyme — and the molecule —.

A

thrombin; fibrin

57
Q

what happens during phase 1 of coagulation?

A

factor X gets activated, either through the damage to tissue (extrinsic) or blood vessel (intrinsic), and preparing for the next step in making a clot.

58
Q

what happens during phase 2 of coagulation?

A

prothrombin is changed into thrombin, which will help form the blood clot.

59
Q

what happens during phase 3 of coagulation?

A

when fibrin forms the “net” that traps blood cells and makes the clot strong and stable.

60
Q

platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates — and — to form a connective tissue patch

A

smooth muscle cells; fibroblasts

61
Q

vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates — to multiply and restore the endothelial lining

A

endothelial cells

62
Q

what is Fibrinolysis?

A

the process of removing unneeded clots when vessel healing has occurred ​

63
Q

what is Plasmin?

A

an enzyme that helps break down fibrin and removes blood clots.

64
Q

the presence of a clot, triggers endothelial cells to secrete —

A

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

65
Q

what is tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)?

A

a protein that helps break down blood clots by converting plasminogen into plasmin, the enzyme that dissolves clots

66
Q

what is tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) often used for?

A

a treatment for strokes or heart attacks caused by clots.

67
Q

what are Anticoagulants?

A

substances that inhibit blood clotting

68
Q

what is a natural anticoagulant found in endothelial cells?

A

heparin

69
Q

heparin inhibits —

A

thrombin

70
Q

how does Nitric oxide help prevent blood clots?

A

by stopping platelets from sticking to blood vessel walls.

71
Q

what mineral is essential to forming a blood clot?

A

calcium

72
Q

thromboembolic disorders cause —

A

undesired clot formation

73
Q

bleeding Disorders prevent —

A

desired clot formation

74
Q

what’s the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?

A

A thrombus is a clot that forms in a blood vessel, while an embolus is a clot that breaks loose and moves through the bloodstream.

75
Q

example of a thrombus?

A

myocardial Infarction ​

76
Q

two examples of an embolus?

A

pulmonary emboli or cerebrovascular accident​

77
Q

what is Thrombocytopenia?

A

a condition where there are too few platelets in the blood, which can make it harder for blood to clot.

78
Q

whats a symptom of thrombocytopenia?

A

petechiae (small, red or purple spots on the skin caused by tiny blood vessels breaking)

79
Q

what’s the cause of thrombocytopenia?

A

suppression or destruction of red bone marrow ​

80
Q

whats the treatment of thrombocytopenia?

A

platelet transfusion

81
Q

what does impaired liver function mean?

A

that the liver can’t produce enough clotting factors

82
Q

what are some causes of impaired liver function?

A

vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, cirrhosis ​

83
Q

what is hemophilia?

A

a genetic condition where the blood doesn’t clot properly due to a lack of certain clotting factors, leading to excessive bleeding

84
Q

Two of three types of hemophilia are X-linked, meaning they are passed down through the X chromosome and occur mostly in —.

A

males

85
Q

what are two symptoms of hemophilia?

A

prolonged bleeding after minor injuries and repeated bleeding into joint

86
Q

what are two treatments of hemophilia?

A

fresh plasma transfusions; injections of clotting factors

87
Q

— stabilizes the forming platelet plug, while — reinforces the plug

A

vWF (von Willebrand factor); fibrin

88
Q

what two growth factors are involved in blood vessel repair?

A

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF).

89
Q

The enzyme that dissolves clots is —

A

plasmin

A&P 2 (4 decks)

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