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A&P 2 > endocrine system 2 > Flashcards

endocrine system 2 Flashcards

week 1

1
Q

the hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by a stalk called the — ​

A

infundibulum

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2
Q

the posterior pituitary lobe is composed of — tissue that secretes —

A

neural; neurohormones

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3
Q

the anterior pituitary lobe is composed of — tissue; called the — ​

A

glandular; adenohypophysis

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4
Q

the hypophyseal portal system vascularly connects the — to the —

A

anterior lobe; hypothalamus

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5
Q

the hypophyseal portal system includes the —, —, and —

A

primary capillary plexus​, hypophyseal portal veins​, and secondary capillary plexus ​

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6
Q

why is the the hypophyseal portal system important?

A

it allows for efficient hormone signaling and regulation between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

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7
Q

the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract is a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the — to the —

A

hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland

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8
Q

why is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract important?

A

enables the direct release of oxytocin and ADH (hormones) into the bloodstream to regulate functions like water balance, childbirth, and lactation.

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9
Q

paraventricular neurons produce — ​
supraoptic neurons produce — ​

A

oxytocin; ADH

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10
Q

hormones are stored in —, they are released into the blood when neurons fire

A

axon terminals

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11
Q

— is ​released during childbirth and is a strong stimulant of contractions

A

oxytocin ​

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12
Q

oxytocin should be associated with — feedback mechanisms

A

positive

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13
Q

oxytocin acts as a — in the brain

A

neurotransmitter

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14
Q

oxytocin uses the — second messenger system ​

A

PIP2-calcium

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15
Q

when concentration is too high, the —is triggered to secrete — ​

A

posterior pituitary; ADH

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16
Q

high concentrations of vasopressin lead to —

A

vasoconstriction

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17
Q

ADH acts to inhibit urine formation by promoting water reabsorption in the —–, helping to prevent —.

A

kidneys; dehydration

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18
Q

release of ADH is triggered by —, —, and — ​

A

pain; low blood pressure; drugs

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19
Q

release of ADH it is inhibited by — and — ​

A

alcohol; diuretics

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20
Q

what are diuretics?

A

substances or medications that promote the production of urine, helping the body get rid of excess salt and water

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21
Q

All six anterior pituitary hormones are peptides, with all except the — hormone using the cAMP pathway

A

growth

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22
Q

what do tropic hormones (tropins) regulate?

A

the secretion of other hormones ​

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23
Q

what are the 6 hormones of the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. Growth Hormone (GH)​
  2. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)​
  3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)​
  4. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) ​
  5. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)​
  6. Prolactin (PRL)
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24
Q

growth hormone is also called —. It is produced by — cells.

A

somatotropin; somatotrophic

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25
Q

GH has direct actions on — and indirect actions on —

A

metabolism; growth-promoting

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26
Q

what three direct actions does GH have on metabolism?

A
  1. reduces glucose and metabolism use by cells
  2. stimulates the liver to release glucose from stored glycogen.
  3. increases blood fatty acids for energy and supports protein building.
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27
Q

what three direct actions does GH have on growth?

A
  1. stimulates the liver, muscles, and bones to produce insulin-like growth factors.
  2. insulin-like growth factors help cells absorb nutrients for DNA and protein production, supporting cell growth, bone formation, and collagen production.
  3. growth hormone makes cells grow and divide, especially in bones and muscles.
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28
Q

the release or inhibition of GH is regulated by two hypothalamic hormones, what are they?

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

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29
Q

growth hormone-releasing hormone — GH

A

stimulates

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30
Q

growth hormone-releasing hormone — GH

A

inhibits

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31
Q

the highest amounts of GH are secreted during —

A

sleep

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32
Q

GHRH is triggered by low — or — levels

A

blood GH; glucose

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33
Q

GHIH is triggered by increased levels of — and —

A

GH, IGF​

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34
Q

Release of GH is also stimulated by — – the hunger hormone

A

ghrelin

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35
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a — hormone. It is also called —. It is produced by — cells. ​

A

tropic; thyrotropin; thyrotropic

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36
Q

TSH stimulates normal development and secretory activity of the —

A

thyroid gland

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37
Q

release of TSH is triggered by secretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the —

A

hypothalamus

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38
Q

TSH is inhibited by high levels of — hormones in the blood and — hormone

A

thyroid; growth hormone-inhibiting

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39
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)​ is also called — and is secreted by — cells. ​

A

corticotropin; corticotropic. ​

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40
Q

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release —

A

corticosteroids

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41
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) + Luteinizing Hormone (LH) are secreted by the — cells of the anterior pituitary

A

gonadotropic

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42
Q

FSH stimulates the production of — (egg or sperm) ​

A

gametes

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43
Q

In females, LH helps to mature egg-containing follicles, triggers ovulation, create and release — + — ​

A

estrogen; progesterone

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44
Q

In males, LH stimulates the production of —​

A

testosterone

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45
Q

During and after puberty, FSH and LH are triggered by — from the hypothalamus

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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46
Q

prolactin (PRL) is secreted by — cells in the — pituitary

A

prolactin; anterior

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47
Q

what does prolactin stimulate in females?

A

milk production

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48
Q

regulation of prolactin is primarily controlled by — AKA dopamine

A

prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

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49
Q

decreased levels of PIH leads to —

A

lactation

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50
Q

what’s the reason for breast swelling and tenderness during menstruation?

A

prolactin levels rise and fall in rhythm with estrogen

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51
Q

blood levels of PRL dramatically — at the end of pregnancy

A

rise

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52
Q

what is the largest pure endocrine gland in the body?

A

the thyroid gland

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53
Q

where is the thyroid gland located?

A

on the trachea, just inferior to the larynx.

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54
Q

what are the four parts of the thyroid gland?

A
  1. isthmus
  2. follicles
  3. colloid
  4. parafollicular cells
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55
Q

what hormone do parafollicular cells produce?

A

calcitonin ​

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56
Q

thyroid hormone is stored extracellularly in the —

A

follicle lumen

57
Q

thyroid hormone is found in two forms, what are they?

A

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

58
Q

what’s the difference between thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

thyroxine (T4) has 4 bound iodine atoms ​whereas triiodothyronine (T3) has 3 bound iodine atoms

59
Q

at the tissue level, — must be converted to —

A

T3; T4

60
Q

thyroid hormone regulates — and —, while maintaining —

A

tissue growth; development; blood pressure

61
Q

calcitonin is produced by the — in response to — Ca2+ levels

A

parafollicular cells; high

62
Q

calcitonin is an antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH). calcitonin — calcium, while PTH — it.

A

lowers; raises

63
Q

what three things happen when calcitonin’s level is elevated?

A
  1. osteoclast activity​ is inhibited
  2. the release of Ca2+ from bone matrix​ is prevented
  3. the uptake of Ca2+ by bone matrix is stimulated
64
Q

where is the parathyroid gland?

A

The parathyroid gland is located on the posterior (back) side of the thyroid gland, usually 4 to 8 small, yellow-brown glands.

65
Q

the parathyroid gland contains — and — cells

A

oxyphil; parathyroid

66
Q

parathyroid cells secrete —- hormone

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

67
Q

PTH is the most important hormone in —

A

Ca2+ homeostasis

68
Q

PTH’s target organs are the —, —, and —

A

skeleton, kidneys, and intestines

69
Q

what are three functions of the PTH?

A
  1. stimulate bone breakdown, releasing calcium into the blood.
  2. increase calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion by the kidneys.
  3. activate vitamin D in the kidneys, boosting calcium absorption in the intestines.
70
Q

where is the adrenal gland located?

A

on top of the kidneys

71
Q

what is the difference between the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla?

A

the adrenal cortex is made of glandular tissue, the adrenal medulla is made of nervous tissue

72
Q

the adrenal cortex secretes —, the adrenal medulla secretes —

A

corticosteroids; catecholamines

73
Q

true or false: steroid hormones are not stored in cells

A

true

74
Q

the 3 layers of cortical cells produce different types of corticosteroids.
zona glomerulosa produces —, ​
zona fasciculata produces —,
zona reticularis produces —.

A

mineralocorticoids; glucocorticoids; gonadocorticoids

75
Q

what is the strongest mineralocorticoid​?

A

aldosterone

76
Q

aldosterone stimulates reabsorption of — by the kidneys, which results in increased blood volume and pressure. it also stimulates elimination of K+ by the kidneys

A

Na+; K+

77
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) tells the body to — Na+

A

release

78
Q

glucocorticoids​ influence the metabolism of most — and help us to resist —

A

cells; stressors

79
Q

glucocorticoids work to keep blood glucose levels relatively —

A

constant

80
Q

glucocorticoids maintain blood pressure by increasing the activity of —

A

vasoconstrictors ​

81
Q

what are three glucocorticoid hormones?

A

Cortisol (Hydrocortisone) ​
Cortisone​
Corticosterone

82
Q

what is the only glucocorticoid made in significant amounts in humans ?

A

cortisol

83
Q

Cortisol is released in response to —

A

ACTH

84
Q

ACTH is released in response to —

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

85
Q

CRH is released when cortisol levels are —. Increased cortisol levels inhibit both — and —

A

low; ACTH; CRH

86
Q

cortisol secretion cycles are governed by our patterns of — and —

A

eating; physical activity

87
Q

the — can override cortisol’s inhibition of ACTH and CRH leading to more cortisol secretion

A

central nervous system

88
Q

what is Cushing’s disease?

A

a condition where the body produces too much cortisol, causing symptoms like weight gain, high blood pressure, and muscle weakness.

89
Q

what is Addison’s disease?

A

a disorder where the adrenal glands don’t produce enough cortisol, causing symptoms like fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and darkened skin.

90
Q

— disease is characterized by having a “buffalo hump” of fat on the upper back

A

Cushings

91
Q

— disease causes a year-round sun tan

A

Addisons

92
Q

cortisol increases levels of —, —, and — in the blood

A

glucose; fatty acids; amino acids

93
Q

— is one of cortisol’s key functions, where the body makes more sugar (glucose) from fats and proteins, giving energy to the brain while encouraging other cells to use fat for energy instead of glucose.

A

gluconeogenesis

94
Q

cortisol enhances — to elevate — quickly and distribute nutrients to —

A

vasoconstriction; BP; cells

95
Q

— are weak androgens (male sex hormones)

A

gonadocorticoids

96
Q

two examples of gonadocorticoids?

A

androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)​

97
Q

gonadocorticoids are converted to — and some — in the tissue cells

A

testosterone; estrogen

98
Q

what are the three functions of gonadocorticoids?

A
  1. Help control the timing of puberty and the development of traits like body hair and voice changes.
  2. Regulate sex drive in women
  3. Provide a source of estrogens in postmenopausal women
99
Q

medullary chromaffin cells synthesize —

A

catecholamines ​

100
Q

what are two examples of catecholamines?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine ​

101
Q

some effects of catecholamines include — , increased — and —, and
redirecting blood to the —, —, and —

A

vasoconstriction; heart rate; blood glucose levels ; brain; heart; skeletal muscles

102
Q

epinephrine mainly boosts —, while norepinephrine focuses more on — blood vessels and — blood pressure.

A

metabolism; narrowing; increasing

103
Q

pinealocytes secrete — which is a hormone derived from —

A

melatonin; serotonin

104
Q

melotonin may affect what four things?

A
  1. the timing of sexual maturity and puberty ​
  2. day/night cycles ​
  3. the physiological processes that slow rhythmic variations – body temperature, sleep, appetite ​
  4. production of antioxidants and detoxification molecules
105
Q

— contains both exocrine and endocrine cells

A

the pancreas

106
Q

acinar cells are — cells that produce the enzyme-rich juice needed for —

A

exocrine; digestion

107
Q

pancreatic islets contain — cells ​

A

endocrine

108
Q

— cells produce glucagon

A

alpha

109
Q

— cells produce insulin

A

beta

110
Q

glucagon is triggered by decreased —, rising — levels, or the — system

A

blood glucose; amino acid; sympathetic nervous

111
Q

how does glucagon target the liver to raise blood glucose levels?

A
  1. breaks down glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) ​
  2. synthesizes glucose from lactic acid and other noncarbohydrates (gluconeogenesis) ​
  3. releases glucose into the blood
112
Q

insulin is secreted when — levels increase ​

A

blood glucose

113
Q

how does insulin lower blood glucose levels?

A
  1. enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells ​
  2. inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to glucose ​
  3. inhibits the conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose
114
Q

Insulin is not needed for glucose uptake by the —, —, or —

A

liver; kidneys; brain

115
Q

— produce the same steroid sex hormones as the adrenal cortex – just in lesser amounts

A

gonads

116
Q

— produce estrogens and progesterone

A

ovaries

117
Q

— helps mature the reproductive organs, triggers secondary sex traits like body hair, and works with progesterone to develop breasts and control changes in the uterus.

A

estrogen

118
Q

— produce testosterone ​

A

testes

119
Q

— helps develop and maintain reproductive organs, triggers secondary sex traits like facial hair, and is needed for sperm production.

A

testosterone

120
Q

the placenta secretes —, —, and —

A

estrogens; progesterone; human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

121
Q

adipose tissue secretes —, —, and —

A

leptin; resistin; adiponectin

122
Q

what is leptin’s role in the body?

A

helps control appetite and boosts energy use in the body.

123
Q

what is resistin’s role in the body?

A

works against the effects of insulin.

124
Q

what is adiponectin’s role in the body?

A

enhances the body’s response to insulin.

125
Q

the gastrointestinal tract secretes —, —, —, —, and —

A

gastrin; ghrelin; secretin; cholecystokinin; incretins.

126
Q

what is gastrin’s role in the body?

A

triggers the release of stomach acid (HCl).

127
Q

what is ghrelin’s role in the body?

A

stimulates hunger and increases food intake.

128
Q

what is secretin’s role in the body?

A

help the liver make bile and the pancreas release fluids that neutralize stomach acid.

129
Q

what is cholecystokinin’s role in the body?

A

stimulates or triggers the pancreas, gallbladder, and hepatopancreatic sphincter to do their specific jobs:

130
Q

what is incretin’s role in the body?

A

boost insulin release and reduce glucagon production

131
Q

the heart releases —

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP):

132
Q

what is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide’s (ANP’s) role in the body?

A

to decrease concentration of Na+ in the blood and therefore decrease blood pressure and volume

133
Q

the kidneys secrete —
and —

A

erythropoietin; renin

134
Q

what is role of erythropoietin in the body?

A

it triggers production of red blood cells ​

135
Q

what is role of renin in the body?

A

it initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

136
Q

— is a hormone secreted by — (bone cells) in the skeleton

A

osteocalcin; osteoblasts

137
Q

osteocalcin stimulates the pancreas to release more —, improve — handling, and reduce —

A

insulin; glucose; body fat

138
Q

what is the thymus?

A

a large organ in infants, shrinks with age

139
Q

the thymus produces hormones like —, —, and —, which are important for the development of T-lymphocytes, crucial cells in the immune system.

A

thymulin; thymopoietins; thymosins

A&P 2 (4 decks)

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