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A&P 2 > function and formation of blood > Flashcards

function and formation of blood Flashcards

week 2

1
Q

blood serves as a “transport vehicle” for —, —, —, and —

A

nutrients​; gases​; hormones​; waste

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2
Q

what is the general pathway of blood circulating in the human body?

A
  1. The heart pumps blood to start circulation.
  2. Oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the heart into arteries.
  3. Arteries branch into smaller vessels until they become capillaries.
  4. At the capillaries, oxygen and nutrients leave the blood and enter tissues, while carbon dioxide and waste enter the blood.
  5. Oxygen-poor blood flows into veins, which join together.
  6. The oxygen-poor blood returns to the heart, travels to the lungs, and then comes back to the heart.
  7. Finally, oxygen-rich blood exits the heart again through arteries.
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3
Q

blood transports —, —, and —

A

O2; waste; hormones

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4
Q

what three things does blood maintain? ​

A
  1. appropriate body temperature,
  2. normal pH in body tissues (~7.35 to 7.45)​
  3. necessary fluid volume to adequately perfuse body tissues ​
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5
Q

what two things does blood prevent and how?

A
  1. blood loss through clotting ​
  2. infection by defending against foreign invaders
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6
Q

Blood is the ONLY fluid tissue in the human body – what type of tissue is it?

A

connective tissue

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7
Q

true or false: blood only has liquid components

A

blood has BOTH cellular and liquid components

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8
Q

erythrocytes are — blood cells that make up about —% of blood volume (BV).

A

red; 45%

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9
Q

leukocytes are — blood cells that make up less than —% of blood volume (BV).

A

white; 1%

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10
Q

— are cell fragments that make up less than —% of blood volume (BV).

A

platelets; 1%

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11
Q

The non-living fluid matrix of blood is called —, and it makes up about —% of blood volume (BV).

A

plasma; 55%

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12
Q

— is the % of blood made up by erythrocytes

A

hematocrit

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13
Q

— is the % of blood made up by leukocytes and platelets

A

buffy coat

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14
Q

blood is slightly — (pH 7.35–7.45), — than body temperature, and 5 times more thick than water, with its thickness determined by — levels.

A

alkaline; warmer; hematocrit

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15
Q

what is the average blood volume in adult males and females?

A
  • males are about 5 to 6 liters (1.3 to 1.6 gallons)
  • females are about 4 to 5 liters (1.1 to 1.3 gallons)
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16
Q

blood accounts for —% of body weight

A

8%

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17
Q

— is the liquid part of blood ​

A

plasma

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18
Q

plasma is light yellow and —% water

A

90%

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19
Q

out of the three formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), only — are true cells

A

leukocytes

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20
Q

— vastly outnumber the other types of formed elements

A

erythrocytes

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21
Q

a erythrocytes typically die within — days

A

120

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22
Q

erythrocytes are replaced through a process known as —, which primarily occurs in the red bone marrow.

A

erythropoiesis

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23
Q

hematopoiesis is the creation of ALL —

A

blood cells ​

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24
Q

where does hematopoiesis take place?

A

within the red bone marrow of the bones and girdles of the axial skeleton

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25
Q

all blood cells come from a hematopoietic stem call called a —

A

hemocytoblast ​

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26
Q

true or false: once a blood cell has fully developed into its specific type (like a red blood cell or white blood cell), it can’t change into another type

A

true

27
Q

what are the three main reasons erythrocytes are efficient at carrying oxygen?

A
  1. High Hemoglobin Content: Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues, allowing red blood cells to transport a large amount of oxygen.
  2. Biconcave Shape: The biconcave shape increases the surface area for gas exchange, making it easier for oxygen to diffuse in and out of the cell.
  3. No Nucleus or Organelles: Without a nucleus and organelles, erythrocytes have more space for hemoglobin, maximizing their ability to carry oxygen without using any for themselves.
28
Q

what is the function of erythrocytes?

A

to carry Oxygen to the body’s working tissues, carry some CO2 out of tissues to lungs

29
Q

what is Hemoglobin (Hb)?

A

iron-containing protein that binds Oxygen to the RBC. (gives metallic taste to blood)

30
Q

what is spectrin?

A

deformable protein that allows RBCs to temporarily change and regain their shape as they squeeze through tiny capillaries

31
Q

there are more — blood cells than — blood cells. the ratio is 1,000:1

A

red; white

32
Q

the normal values of hemoglobin in ​males is —g/100mL​ and in females its —g/100mL

A

13-18g; 12-16g

33
Q

how much Oxygen can be transported by each erythrocyte?

A

1 bilion O2 molecules

34
Q

what are the 8 stages of erythropoiesis?

A
  1. Hemocytoblast
  2. Proerythroblast
  3. Basophilic Erythroblast
  4. Polychromatic Erythroblast
  5. Orthochromatic​ Erythroblast
  6. Nuclear Extrusion
  7. Reticulocyte
  8. Red Blood Cell short description for each stage
35
Q

what happens during the 1st stage (hemocytoblast) of erythropoiesis?

A

the stem cell that can become any blood cell. It starts the process of becoming a red blood cell.

36
Q

what happens during the 2nd stage (proerythroblast) of erythropoiesis?

A

the cell begins to commit to becoming a red blood cell and starts making hemoglobin.

37
Q

what happens during the 3rd stage (basophilic erythroblast) of erythropoiesis?

A

the cell produces more hemoglobin, and its cytoplasm turns blue due to ribosome activity.

38
Q

what happens during the 4th stage (polychromatic erythroblast) of erythropoiesis?

A

hemoglobin continues to build up, and the cytoplasm shows both blue and red (from hemoglobin).

39
Q

what happens during the 5th stage (orthochromatic​ erythroblast) of erythropoiesis?

A

the cell is filled with hemoglobin, and the nucleus shrinks and condenses.

40
Q

what happens during the 6th stage (nuclear extrusion) of erythropoiesis?

A

the cell ejects its nucleus, leaving an enucleate (nucleus-free) cell.

41
Q

what happens during the 7th stage (reticulocyte) of erythropoiesis?

A

the cell is now an immature red blood cell with some leftover RNA and is released into the bloodstream.

42
Q

what happens during the 8th stage (red blood cell) of erythropoiesis?

A

The mature red blood cell, with no nucleus, fully functional to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

43
Q

Too few erythrocytes leads to — – O2 deprivation ​

A

tissue hypoxia

44
Q

Too many erythrocytes leads to excessive — and —

A

blood viscosity (thickness);
blood clots

45
Q

— is a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte formation, its produced in the — and —

A

erythropoietin (EPO); kidneys; liver

46
Q

what are three events that may trigger release of erythropoietin (EPO)?

A
  1. Low red blood cell count (e.g., after bleeding).
  2. Low hemoglobin levels (e.g., due to iron deficiency).
  3. Low oxygen levels (e.g., at high altitudes or during respiratory illness).
47
Q

EPO stimulates more rapid production of —

A

erythrocytes

48
Q

— enhances the kidneys’ production of EPO​

A

testosterone

49
Q

Erythrocytes cannot —, —, or — once they mature.

A

create proteins; grow; divide

50
Q

as erythrocytes age, they lose —, and — begins to degenerate.

A

flexibility; hemoglobin

51
Q

aging erythrocytes become trapped in small vessels and are engulfed by — for recycling.

A

macrophages

52
Q

the heme part of hemoglobin is converted into —, a yellow pigment, which is then processed and — by the body.

A

bilirubin; eliminated

53
Q

what is anemia?

A

a condition where there is a decrease in the blood’s ability to carry oxygen due to a reduction in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) or insufficient hemoglobin.

54
Q

what are four symptoms of anemia?

A

fatigue, pallor (pale skin), feeling cold, shortness of breath

55
Q

what are the three causes of anemia?

A

chronic blood loss, low RBC production, excess RBC destruction

56
Q

the causes of low RBC production include deficiency of —, —, —, or —

A

iron, B12, EPO, or red bone marrow ​

57
Q

what is sickle cell disease?

A

a genetic disorder where abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to become sickle-shaped, leading to RBC destruction, pain, and organ damage.

58
Q

what are two symptoms of sickle cell disease?

A

shortness of breath and extreme pain ​

59
Q

what is the cause of sickle cell disease?

A

its a genetic mutation in the hemoglobin gene. In normal hemoglobin the gene is HbA but in sickle hemoglobin its HbS

60
Q

what is polycythemia?

A

excessive or abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the bloodstream.

61
Q

what are three causes of polycythemia?

A

bone marrow cancer, living at high altitude, “blood doping” ​

62
Q

what are four symptoms of polycythemia?

A

headaches, dizziness, fatigue, shortness of breath

63
Q

what is blood doping?

A

the practice of increasing red blood cell count through blood transfusions, EPO injections, or synthetic oxygen

64
Q

how would blood doping benefit competitors in aerobic sports?

A

by increasing the number of red blood cells, which enhances oxygen delivery to muscles, improving endurance and performance.

A&P 2 (4 decks)

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