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HTS > leukocytes > Flashcards

leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

where are leukocytes found and functions?

A

complete colourless cells found in marrow, blood and lymph
functions include :
* fight against infection
* participate in immune responses
* remove old cells, debris and foreign objects

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2
Q

leukocytes can be classified into 2 groups. what are they?

A

granulocytes
* granules in cytoplasm can be seen when stained
* have lobulated nuclei called polymorphs
* functions in tissues rather than in blood

agranulocytes
* have some granules but not easily visible

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3
Q

how long on avg do neutrophils spend in circulating blood?

A

7 hours

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4
Q

neutrophil morphology

A
  • 10-14 µm in diameter
  • lobes connected by chromatin threads
  • multilobed
  • small granules which stain lilac
  • granules contain range of enzymes and antimicrobial proteins
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5
Q

roles of neutrophils

A
  • primary defense against bacteria, virus, fungus
  • migrate to sites of infection
  • respond to chemotactic stimuli
  • rolling, adhering and diapedesis
  • phagocytosis
  • component of inflammation - release leukotrienes, prostaglandins
  • febrile response - release an endogenous pyrogen
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6
Q

neutrophils - phagocytosis process

A
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7
Q

when do neutrophils increase? - physiological increases

A
  • after exercise
  • after meals
  • pregnancy, menstruation
  • mental stress
  • after injection with adrenaline
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8
Q

when do neutrophils increase? - pathological increases

A
  • after pus-forming bacterial infections
  • acute rheumatic fever
  • gout
  • tisssue destruction : burns, haemorrhage, myocardial infarction
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9
Q

what is neutropenia and what can cause this?

A

low levels of neutrophils caused by :
* being a child
* typhoid fever
* viral infections
* malaria
* aplasia of bone marrow
* bone marrow depression

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10
Q

size of eosinophils

A

10-14 µm in diameter

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11
Q

functions of eosinophils

A
  • defence against parasitic infection
  • attack bacteria, but not as effective as neutrophils
  • phagocytic but less motile than neutrophils
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12
Q

morphology of eoisinophils

A
  • acidophillic, appear light pink after staining
  • granules are bright brick red colour from eosin dye
  • granules contain lysozymes and high histamine content
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13
Q

what is eosinophilia? and causes

A

increased number of eosinophils due to :
* allergic conditions e.g. asthma, hay fever
* parasitic infections
* skin disease

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14
Q

what is eosinopenia? and causes

A

reduced number of eosinophils due to :
* steroid therapy
* stressfull situations
* acute pyogenic infections

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15
Q

size of basophils

A

10 – 14 µm in diameter

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16
Q

functions of basophils

A

main role is in allergic reactions
* release histamine
* release serotonin + others causing local vascular and tissure reactions
* prevents spread of allergic inflammatory process
* liberate heparin, which acts as an anticiaguland keeps blood flowing

mildly phagocytic but don’t attack parasites

17
Q

basophillia causes

A
  • viral infections
  • allergic disease
  • chronic myeloid leukaemia
18
Q

basopenia

A
  • steroids
  • drug induced reactions
  • acute pyogenic infections
19
Q

what are mast cells?

A
  • large cells resemble basophils
  • play role in allergic reactions
  • present in bone marrow
  • abundant beneath epithelial surfaces
  • remain in connective tissue
20
Q

size of monocytes

A

18 – 20 µm in diameter

21
Q

what is a monocyte?

A
  • single nucleus which is indented
  • lots of clear cytoplasm
  • no visible granules
  • stains pale blue
22
Q

monocytes mature into…

A

macrophages or histocytes which phagocytose microbes

23
Q

monocytes presents ____ to ____

A

monocytes present antigens to lymphocytes

24
Q

monocytes crucial fighters against what kind of ingections?

A

chronic bacterial infections + chronic fungal infections

25
Q

roles of monocytes

A
  • secrete cytokines which enhance inflammatory response
  • secret growth factors - promote production of neutrophils
  • remove parasites (malarial)
  • destroy RBCs at end of their life span
  • store released iron
  • kill tumour cells
  • synthesise complement, clotting factors, proteases
26
Q

monocytosis causes

A
  • bacterial infections e.g. TB
  • viral infections
  • protozoal infections
27
Q

monocytopenia

A
  • very rare
  • could be due to hypoplastic bone marrow
28
Q

size of lymphocytes

A

7 – 10 µm

29
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

B cells + T cells

30
Q

B cells roles

A

humoral immunity

31
Q

T cells roles

A

cellular immunity

32
Q

lymphocytosis - physiological causes

A
  • healthy young children
  • during menstruation
33
Q

lymphocytosis - pathological causes

A
  • chronic infections
  • lymphatic leukaemia
  • viral infections
  • autoimmune diseases
34
Q

lymphocytopenia causes

A
  • steroud and immunosuppressive therapy
  • hypoplastic bone marrow
  • HIV
35
Q

images

A

HTS (17 decks)

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