LEUKAEMIAS AND LYMPHOMAS Flashcards
Name the different types of white blood cells
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
- Neutrophil
- Plasma cell
- B cell
- T cell
- NK cell
What are red cells made from
HEAMATOPOIETIC cells that differentiate into MYERLOID stem cells
then red cells
What are platelets made from
HEAMATOPOIETIC cells that differentiate into MYERLOID stem cells
then platelets
What are eosinophils made from
HEAMATOPOIETIC cells that differentiate into MYOBLASTS then GRANULOCYTES then basophils
What are basophils made from
HEAMATOPOIETIC cells that differentiate into MYOBLASTS then GRANULOCYTES then eosinophils
What are neutrophils made from
HEAMATOPOIETIC cells that differentiate into MYOBLASTS then GRANULOCYTES then neutrophils
What Are B cells made from
HEAMATOPOIETIC cells that differentiate into LYMPHOBLASTS then B cells
What Are T cells made from
HEAMATOPOIETIC cells that differentiate into LYMPHOBLASTS then T cells
What Are NK cells made from
HEAMATOPOIETIC cells that differentiate into LYMPHOBLASTS then NK cells
What can B cells differentiate into
Plasma cells
Name the 2 main types of leukemias
- Early myeloid
2. Lymphoid
What is acute leukemias
Early myeloid or lymphoid precursors accumulating in the bone marrow, blood and other bodily tissues
What is acute leukemias likely due to
Single genetic mutation in a population of early progenitor cells
Name the 2 main subtypes of leukaemia
- Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
2. Acute lymphoid leukemias (ALL)
How do we further classify leukemias
Based on the morphology of the malignant cells involved
Name three recognised classified subgroup of acute myeloid leukaemia
- AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities
- AML with multilineage dysplasia
- AML not otherwise categorised
Describe the clinical features of acute myeloid leukaemia
- Presents as ‘acute marrow failure’: anaemia, infections, easy bruising, bleeding
- orofacial infections
- Organ infiltration may occur
- May see infiltration of the gingivea
Give examples of orofacial infection seen in acute leukaemias
staphylococcal skin infections and oral candidosis
What can infiltration of the gingiva lead to
Significant gingival hypertrophy
How can we diagnose acute myeloid leukaemia
- Full blood count and blood film
- Bone marrow sampling
- Can utilise PCR
- surface antigen expression
- Immunofluorescence techniques
- Cytogenetics
Why do we take a full blood count and blood film to diagnose acute myeloid leukaemia
Helps show the morphology of the cancerous cells
What can Cytogenetics show us
reveal specific abnormalities in the genes which is useful for prognoSIS
Give signs of a poor prognosis
1, Increasing age
- High WCC
- Male gender
- Certain cytogenetic abnormalities
- Poor response to treatment
How do we manage acute myeloid leukaemia
- Induction therapy
2. Consolidation
What is the aim of induction therapy
Get the patient into remission
What happens in consolation
Cycles of chemotherapy
What is the survival rate of acute myeloid leukaemia
30-60% at 5 years
How can we manage acute lymphoid leukemias
- Induction
- Consolation
- Prophylaxis via intrathecal methotrexate and cranial irradiation
- Maintenance chemo