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Theme 4 > Leucocytes > Flashcards

Leucocytes Flashcards

1
Q

What are leucocytes?

A

White blood cells

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2
Q

Define the term Haematopoeisis

A

The production of blood cells

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3
Q

Define the term Leucopoeisis

A

The production of leucocytes

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4
Q

Explain the journey from a stem cell to blood cells

A

Haematopoeisis: Stem cells undergoes differentiation.
This leads to increased specialisation(commitment) but decreased plasticity
This forms a mature cell ( erythrocyte, leucocyte and platelets) which leaves the bone marrow and enters the bloodstream

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5
Q

A family tree of cell division is called?

A

Lineage

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6
Q

List the 2 major leucocyte lineage with explanation

A
  1. Lymphoid(Lymphocytes)- small bland looking cells, e.g B cell, T cell and NK cell
  2. Myeloid- larger cells. They have cytoplasmic granules called granulocytes
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7
Q

List the haematopoiesis lineage

A

1.Haematopoietic stem cell
into
2. Lymphoid progenitor and 3.Myeloid progenitor
Lymphoid progenitor splits into 4. B cells 5. T cells 6. NK Cells

Myeloid progenitor splits into 7. Granulocytes/monocyte/ precursor mast cell and 8. Erythrocytes progenitor/ Megakaryocyte

Granulocytes differentiates to form neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

Monocyte forms macrophage

Precursor mast cell forms mast cell.

Erythrocyte progenitor forms erythrocyte

Megakaryocyte forms platelets

Plasma cells are formed from B cells

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8
Q

Give 5 examples of Lymphoid Tissue (Collection of leucocyte cells)

A
  1. Tonsil
  2. Right + left subclavian vein
  3. Lymph node
  4. Thymus
  5. Heart
  6. Kidney
  7. Spleen
  8. Appendix
  9. Bone Marrow
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9
Q

List 3 functions of macrophage cells

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Antigen presentation
  3. Activation of Bactericidal mechanism
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10
Q

List 2 functions of dendritic cells

A
  1. Antigen uptake in peripheral sites

2. Antigen presentation in lymph nodes

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11
Q

List 2 functions of neutrophil

A
  1. Activation of bactericidal mechanism
  2. Phagocytosis
    Side note: Neutrophil has one nucleus but it is multiload
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12
Q

1 Function of Eosinophil

A

Killing of anti-body coated parasites

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13
Q

1 Function of Mast cell

A

Release of granules containing histamines

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14
Q

3 types of Lymphocytes

A
  1. B- cells- produces antibodies
  2. T- Cells- CD4 helper T cells and CD8 killer T cells
  3. Natural Killer(NK) Cells
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15
Q

What are Cytokines

A

Cytokines are small proteins released by cells that have an effect on another cell

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16
Q

List 3 actions of Cytokines

A
  1. Autocrine
  2. Paracrine
  3. Endocrine
17
Q

What are Chemokines

A

Chemokines are small proteins released by cells. They have different protein structure/receptors to Cytokines.
They are involved in Spatial organisation. E.g CXCL8 attracts neutrophils to sites of infection

18
Q

What is Juxtacrine signalling

A

Cell-cell contact communication between 2 cells

19
Q

What are the 5 cardinal features of inflammation

A
  1. Calor (Heat)
  2. Dalor (Pain)
  3. Rubor (Redness)
  4. Tumor (Swelling)
  5. Lack of function
20
Q

After successful breach of the skin barrier. What leucocyte cell first approaches the pathogen?

A

Tissue Macrophage
Engulfs and kills the pathogen by phagocytosis.
Then undergoes Antigen presentation

21
Q

What 2 type of cells can perform phagocytosis?

A
  1. Macrophage

2. Neutrophils

22
Q

Describe the process of Phagocytosis

A
  1. Pathogen is phagocytosed into a phagosome.
  2. Phagosome fuses with low pH(acidic) lysosome digestive enzyme to form phagolysosome
  3. This produces toxic free radicals and hydrogen peroxide
23
Q

Phagocytosis causes the release of soluble mediators. List the 2 main soluble mediators

A
  1. Cytokines

2. Chemokines

24
Q

List 3 examples of Cytokines

A
  1. Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF- alpha)
  2. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
  3. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
25
Q

Give an example of Chemokines

A
  1. CXCL8
26
Q

Besides the attraction of neutrophils,

List 3 effects soluble mediators has on blood vessels

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Increased Permeability - junction between endothelial cell widens.
  3. Increased adhesion molecules on blood vessel endothelium
27
Q

Define local inflammation

A

The response is present in the site of infection.

28
Q

Define systemic inflammation

A

The response has spread beyond the original site of infection to other parts of the body

29
Q

Cause of systemic inflammation

A

During more serious infections. Cytokines are released into the bloodstream and can have an effect on distant tissues

30
Q

Symptoms/Features of Systemic inflammation

A

Fever, fatigue, muscle pain, anorexia

prolonged systemic inflammation can lead to loss of muscle and fat

31
Q

List 4 organs cytokines effect during a systemic inflammation

A
  1. Liver - activation of opsonisation
  2. Bone marrow - causes neutrophil mobilization for phagocytosis
  3. Hypothalamus 4. Fat and Muscle - both causes an increase in temperature. Pathogen replication decreased/Increased antigen processing+ specific immune response
32
Q

List 4 outcomes of acute inflammation

A
  1. Resolution- insult removed, tissue heals completely
  2. Fibrosis- insult removed, but tissue is scarred
  3. Chronic- insult cannot be removed
  4. Abscess Formation
33
Q

3 advantages of inflammation

A
  1. Amplifies the immune response- small stimulus creates large local and systemic response
  2. Focuses the immune response - bring in specific cells that are needed
  3. Activates the next stages - B cells/T cells
34
Q

3 disadvantages of inflammation

A
  1. Healthy tissue may be damaged- bystander damage
  2. May be activated inappropriately (without an infection)
  3. May be activated in an uncontrolled manner e.g meningitis

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