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Theme 4 > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fundamental principle of innate immunity?

A

The recognition of antigen by NON-SPECIFIC PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS

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2
Q

Non-specific pattern recognition receptors are germ-line encoded.
True or false?

A

True

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3
Q

List 3 functions of Innate immunity

A
  1. Prevents infection
  2. Promotes acute inflammation
  3. Responds rapidly
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4
Q

In evolutionary term, which is older ? Innate immunity or adaptive immunity

A

Innate Immunity

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5
Q

Which is superior?

Innate immunity or adaptive immunity

A

Neither. Both are needed for an effective immune response

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6
Q

What is PAMPs

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns(lower organism). Its receptors are used non-specifically to detect antigen in innate immunity

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7
Q

PAMPS occurs in lower organism but not in humans. True or false

A

True

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8
Q

Receptor that binds to PAMPS are called

A

PRRs - Pattern Recognition Receptors. Important for distinguishing between self and non-self

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9
Q

Give 2 example of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

A
  1. Toll Like Receptor (TLR)

2. Mannose Binding Ligand (MBL)

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10
Q

How does MBL work?

A

MBL is produced in the liver. It binds onto mannose and fucose residues on the surface of pathogen(high affinity) because mannose and fucose in pathogens have the correct spacing. In humans, the spacing is different to MBL do not bind to self-proteins

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11
Q

List 6 forms of innate immunity

A
  1. Innate barriers
  2. Pattern Recognition Receptors(PRRs) such as TLR and MBL binding to antigen
  3. Phagocytosis by neutrophil/macrophage
  4. Activation of mast cell and basophils
  5. NK cell destroying antibody coated pathogen
  6. Eosinophils
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12
Q

What is Antibody Dependent Cellular Cyto-toxicity (ADCC)

A

NK cells posses receptor for Fc region of an antibody.
A process whereby a NK cell recognises an antibody coated bacteria. Receptor on NK cell binds onto Fc region on antibody. NK cell destroys the bacteria by non-phagocytic means

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13
Q

List 2 ways in which NK cells acts to destroy pathogen/infected cells

A
  1. Antibody Dependent Cellular Cyto-toxicity
  2. NK cell activation - Inhibitory or activating receptor binds to what is prominent on the cell (whether inhibitory or activating ligand)
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14
Q

How does NK cells recognise infected cells

A

NK cells posses inhibitory and activating receptors

Cells also display inhibitory or activating ligands

NK cells binds to which ligand is more prominent on the cell.

If inhibitory ligand is more prominent, the cell is left alone.

If activating ligand is more prominent, the NK Cell is activated. The cell is destroyed - apoptosis.

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15
Q

List functions of Eosinophils in innate immunity

A
  1. They defend against antibody coated parasite
  2. This means they can be involved in Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
  3. They have granules that contain toxic enzymes
  4. They are found at the site of allergic inflammation
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16
Q

List 2 elements of the immune system that can carry out Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

A
  1. NK Cells

2. Eosinophils

17
Q

List 2 elements of the immune system that is usually present in allergic reaction

A
  1. IgE

2. Eosinophils

18
Q

After phagocytosis, phagocytes activates the release of 2 main soluble mediators . True or false ?
if True. List them and states 4 functions on local inflammation and 4 functions on systemic inflammation.

A

Cytokines - IL1, IL6, TNF alpha
Chemokines - CXCL8
1. They attract neutrophils
and acts on blood vessels (local inflammation) by
2. Vasodilation
3. Increased Permeability
4. Increased adhesion molecules on blood vessel endothelium

Systemic inflammation by

  1. Acting on the liver - production of C Reactive protein and MBL for Activation of Complements and Opsonisation
  2. Bone marrow - release of neutrophil into the blood stream for phagocytosis
  3. Hypothalamus and 4. Fat/Muscle - Increase body temperature to decrease pathogen replication, increase antigen processing and increase immune activity
19
Q

What are soluble mediators

A

They are secreted substances that CIRCULATE and MEDIATE an effect

20
Q

What are Complements

A

Complements are series of enzymes that are produced in the liver and circulate in the blood stream. Complements enzymes are usually in their inactive state. Once the first complement is activated, it goes on the activate the next complement and so on. This is called Triggered enzyme Cascade - it is a type of Amplification (+VE feedback)

21
Q

Explain 4 actions of Complement enzymes ?

CL
O
LI
ICC

A
  1. Cell Lysis
    Terminal pathway Components assemble a ‘pore’ which inserts into pathogen membrane to lyse the pathogen cell
  2. Aids Opsonisation
  3. Activation of local inflammation after cleavage of pathogen into smaller fragment
  4. Immune Complex Clearance by the Spleen (lymph organ) - component C3b binds onto antibody coated pathogen. Causes removal into the spleen
22
Q

From lecture slides.

Images of phagocytosis has a purple ball on the surface of the phagocyte. Label (what is) the purple ball

A

Complement C3b

Compliments plays a role in opsonisation

23
Q

List 4 Soluble mediators

A
  1. Cytokines
  2. Chemokines
  3. Complements
  4. Interferons
24
Q

Interferons are released by?

A

Infected cells, mainly viral infected cells

25
Q

List 4 functions of Interferons

A
  1. Interferons works on surrounding cells by alerting them to increase their defence against virus
  2. Stops the viral cell and infected cell from replicating
  3. Stop the viral cell and infected cell from synthesising new proteins
  4. Stimulates the production of anti-viral proteins by infected cell for apoptosis
26
Q

Name the Core drug used in Inflammation

A

Hydrocortisone (Cortisol)

  • Natural glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex
  • It acts on the intracellular glucocorticoid receptors to influence gene expression
  • Used as anti-inflammatory agents and immunosuppressants.
  • Easily taken (any way u like bro)
  • Used when adrenal cortex is not working properly

Adverse effect : Hyperglycaemia and osteoporosis

27
Q

Explain the corticosteroid mechanism

A
  1. Steroid receptor are found in the cytoplasm complexed with a protein called Hsp90
  2. Steroid cross the cell membrane and binds to steroid receptor complex, releasing Hsp90
  3. The steroid-receptor complex can now cross the nuclear membrane - into the nucleus.
  4. In the nucleus, the steroid-receptor complex binds to specific gene regulatory sequences and activates transcription ( for anti-inflammatory proteins/response)

Theme 4 (7 decks)

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