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Pharmacology 2 > Lets gooooo > Flashcards

Lets gooooo Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the concentration time curve

A

describes the drugs concentration changes in the plasma with time

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2
Q

what happens in the alpha distribution phase (two compartment model)

A

drug concentration decreases rapidly (distribution half life (minutes))

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3
Q

what happens in the beta elimination phase

A

drug concentration decreases slowly (distribution half life (hours))

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4
Q

Three compartment model

A

aminoglycosides and phenicols, renal cortex and re-distribution. Terminal elimination can last days or weeks. Watch for WP!!!

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5
Q

Extravasal drug administration (one compartment model)
t1/2a
tmax
t1/2el

A

IM, SC, PO

t1/2a, Time until the drugs concentration doubles in the plasma
tmax clinical significance, time needed to reach Cmax
t1/2el time until 50% of the drug is eliminated

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6
Q

Apparent volume of distribution

A

20kg=1l Vd=0.05 Drug is distributed in blood plasma
20kg= 10l Vd=0.5 Drug is distributed in blood plasma and in Ec fluid space
20kg= 40l Vd=2 Drug is distributed in blood plasma =extracelluar space and intracelluar fluid space

any changes to the value of Vd may decrease efficacy or increase toxicity, if the dose is unchanged

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7
Q

whats a azalide and triamilide ?

A

Azithromycin and Triamcinolone !!!

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8
Q

Against Streptococcus suis

A

Florfenicol either IM or SC (not the best SC) (off label)
IM has fast onset
while SC has longer duration ?

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9
Q

Whats AUC

A

the Area under the curve reflects the actual body exposure to the drug after administration of a dose of the drug.

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10
Q

Whats F

A

Bioavailibility (F) is the fraction of a drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged after administration, relative to the same drug given intravenously (IV)
drugs administered IV always have Bioavailibility of 1.

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11
Q

Clearance

A

Volume of plasma that is cleared of drug per time unit; ml/min or l/hour

Cl= Cl renal+Cl hepatic+Cl lung
Cl= D/AUC

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12
Q

Use of medicines in kidney failure

A

We use “A” option substances with a high therapeutic index:
we can modify the dose
or
the time interval between the repeated administrations

Without calculation and substances with high therapeutic index such as
AMOXICILLIN

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13
Q

Whats B option type of drugs

A

For the intermediate therapeutic index. Depends on time interval between two administrations. Also depends on Creatinine clearance (shows renal function).
B drugs (Warfarin, Digoxin)

increase time interval between administrations

*2
if CCr= 0.5-1ml/minute/kg

*3
if Ccr = 0,3-0,5ml/minute/kg

*4
if Ccr = if less than 0,3ml/minute/kg

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14
Q

whats Ccr?

A

Creatinine Clearance rate which also describes the renal function

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15
Q

Precise dosing regimen for modification for low therapeutic index = “C” option drugs.
When is it necessary?
What are the options?
How?

A

We do it for toxic drugs that are excreted by glomerular filtration such as aminoglycosides (gentamycin, neomycin, Amikacin,

What are the options? We modify the dose or do dosing interval modifications

How? Using the dose fraction (Kf)!
KF=ill Ccr/ normal Ccr

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16
Q

Modify the exact dosing regimen

A

Modified dose = normal dose*Kf
Modified dosing interval = normal interval/Kf

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17
Q

what you call the conditions when elevated levels of nitrogen and creatinine are in the blood

A

Azotemic

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18
Q

what do you call it when the urine and blood plasma have the same osmolarity

A

Isisthenuric

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19
Q

Drug examples in case of renal failure

A

Amikacin (c) bad
Amoxicillin (a) good
Cephalexin (b) good
Chloramphenicol N,A good
Digoxin (c) good
Gentamicin (c) bad
Nitrofurantoin (Cl) good
Oxitetracyclines (Cl) bad
Penicillin (a) good
Tobramycin (c) bad
Trimetoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (b/A) bad

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20
Q

Drug Examples in case of liver failure

A

Azatioprin (contraindicated)
Chloramphenicol (contraindicated)
Clindamycin (contraindicated)
Cyclophosphamide (Dosing interval)
Diazepam (contraindicated)
Doxorubicin (Dosing interval)
Doxycycline (Dosing interval)
Furosemide (Dosing interval)
Lidocaine (Dosing interval)
Metronidazole (Dosing interval)
Morphin (Dosing interval)
Oxitetracycline (contraindicated)
Phenobarbital (Dosing interval)
Teofillin (Dosing interval)

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21
Q

other conditions for which a modification of the dosing schedule is recommended

A

newborns or very young animals
old animals

The ratio of body fat to water spaces is also different in these cases, which affects the Vd of the substance

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22
Q

Whats LD

A

Loading dose is a diose given with one administration (or repeated a few time, quickly) with which the desired drug concentration can be reached immediately.

LD=Cp*Vd/F

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23
Q

Whats MD

A

Maintenance dose (MD) = The dose needed to maintain the given concentration within the therapeutic window when given repeatedly at a constant interval.

MD= CpssClt/F

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24
Q

Repeated dose administration

A

Cpss = concentration of drug in blood plasma at steady state
t int. = dosing interval

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25
Q

Steady state conc.

A

Steady-state concentration is reached between the 4th and 5th drug administrations.
The time to reach the steady state is independent of the dosage

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26
Q

Hidrophil and lipophil

A

Hidrophil

Per os usually weaker
parenteral F higher
weaker distribution to cells and barriers, tissues
metabolism minimal
Excretion mainly of urine
Shorter WP, t1/2

Lipophil

Per os F usually better
Parenteral F lower
Better distribution (cells barriers and tissues)
Metabolizm intensive (ROS)
Excretion mainly of bile faeces
Longer WP t1/2

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27
Q

What do we use against chronic bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Dexamethasone (Locally), Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone (systematically) (Anti inflammatory drugs)
Topical glucorticosteroids

IN VIRAL INFECTIONS NO GCC

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28
Q

Mast cell stabilizers against allergic conjunctivitis

A

topical treatment!
Sodium chromoglycate
Lodoxamide
nedocromil

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29
Q

Vasoconstriction (Allergic conjunctivitis)

A

Tetryzoline HCL
Sympathomimnetics
(Alpha agonist)

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30
Q

Antihistamines (with mast cell stabilizers) (Allergic conjunctivitis)

A

Axelastine, (used for covid but not offical indication for eye treatment
olopatadine, epinastine, emedastine, antazoline. (not systemic, intrvasal and conjuctival)

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31
Q

Corneal Ulcers (ulcus corneae)

A

Fluorescein stain for diagnosis only !!!
Antibiotics 3/6 per day.
NSAID (prohibited in severe cases)
Atropine (cycloplegia, analgesic effect)

= protease inhibitors
EDTA
N-acetylcysteine
Tetracycline
Serum

NO GCC!!!
Risk of perforation: NO OINTMENT!!!

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32
Q

Uveitis

A

Atropine is mydriatic
inhibts the synechia formation
quick degradation in the inflamed eye = 3-6 times a day

Anti inflammatory drug
Prednisolone (integretiy of cornea)

ERU with cyclosporin + prednisolone implant

Dark room

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33
Q

Whats ERU?

A

Equine recurrent uveitis also known as moon blindness
+ immunosuppression

Cyclosporin implant+ prednisolone

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34
Q

Dry eye syndrome (KCS) keratoconjunctivitis sicca)

A

no tear production!!!
Schirmers test
Casued by potentiated Sulphoamides or viral infection

Imunosuppresion
Cyclosporin, Tacrolimus, Pimecrolimus
(topically)
increases tear production!
Artifical Tear
Antibiotic is topically

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35
Q

Pannus (superficial keratitis)

A

Immune mediated treatment for a lifetime
anti-inflammatory drugs (prednisolone systematically, dexmethasone locally)
immunosppresion (cyclosporin)
topically!!!

if needed Antibiotics/antivirals, antimycotics
Artifical tear

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36
Q

Glaucoma

A

The aim is to decrease IOP(Intraocular pressure) this is either done with an increasing outflow of aqueous humor or decreasing production of aqueous production

Increasing outflow
Parasympathomimetics (Pilocarpine)
Sympatholytics (Timolol, Betaxolol)
Prostaglandin analogs (Latanoprost, Travoprost)

Decreasing production
Sympatholytics (Timolol, Betaxolol)
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Dorzolamide, Brinzolamide)

In severe or acute case 5% mannitol is added.

ATROPINE IS CONTRAINDICATED!!!

37
Q

Local Anaesthetics

A

FOLICULITIS behind the third eye lid!!!

for foreign boy and small surgical procedures

Lidocaine, Oxibuprocaine and Tetracaine
Procaine not recommended!!!

38
Q

Fundus examination

A

Parasympatholytics

Atropine (days) not the best
Tropicamide (4-5h)
Homatropine (0.5-1h)

39
Q

Ophthalmological products for systemic effect

A

Ropinirole
Dopamine receptor agonist- inducing emesis in dogs
Poisoning

Immunization
MS-H vaccine
Mycoplasma synoviae- poultry

40
Q

Drugs for Ocular Use (antibiotics)

Bacterial infections, Corneal Ulcers, Pannus, KCS

A

superficial
Penicilins ( amoxicillin, clavulanic acid)*not availible for ophtalmic treatment
Cephalosporins (cephazolin) *not availible for ophtalmic treatment

superficial
Aminoglycosides ( gentamycin, neomycin, framycetin, tobramycin)

Better penetration
Tetracyclines (oxytetracycline, doxycycline, chlortetracycline )
Phenicols (chloramphenicol, florfenicol)
Polymyxin-B

Systemic/internal use
Fluroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin)
Fusidic acid

41
Q

Antivirals

A

Herpes VIrus treatment
Ganciclovir, Famciclovir, Aciclovir

42
Q

Antimycotics

A

Polyenes:Amphotericin-B, Natamycin
Azoles: Miconazole, Voriconazole

43
Q

Antiparasitics

A

Ivermectin, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin

44
Q

Topical AB, Eye drop, dog&cat
against Staphylococcus spp.
Pseudomonas aeruginos

A

Gentamicin (+dexmethasone)

neomycin +polymicin b

45
Q

Topical AB, Eye drop, dog&cat
against Staphylococcus spp.
Pseudomonas aeruginos

A

Neomicin (+polymicinB)

46
Q

Topical AB, Eye ointment, dog&cat
against Staphylococcus spp. only

A

Neomycin (+hydrocortisone, lidocaine)

47
Q

Topical AB, Eye drop, dog&cat
against Staphylococcus spp. only

A

Framycetin

48
Q

Topical AB, Eye ointment dog&cat
against Staphylococcus spp.
Streptococcus spp.
Chlamydophilia felis
Mycoplasma spp.

A

Chloramphenicol

49
Q

Topical AB, Eye ointment, cattle dog&cat, horse
against Moraxella bovis
Staphylococcus spp.
Streptococcus spp.
Chlamydophilia felis
Mycoplasma spp.
RES!

A

Chlortetracycline

50
Q

Topical AB, Eye drop (suspension) , dog
Staphylococcus spp.
Streptococcus spp.

A

Fusidic acid

51
Q

Topical AB, Eye drop/eye ointment for humans
Staphylococcus spp.
Pseudomonas aeruginos

A

Tobramycin

52
Q

Topical AB, Eye drop/eye ointment for humans
Staphylococcus spp.
Pseudomonas aeruginos

A

Tobramycin (+dexmethasone)

53
Q

Topical AB, Eye drop/Ear drop for humans
Staphylococcus spp.
Pseudomonas aeruginos
Chlamydophilia felis
Mycoplasma spp

A

Ciprofloxacin

54
Q

Topical AB, Eye drop/eye ointment for humans
Staphylococcus spp.
Pseudomonas aeruginos
Chlamydophilia felis
Mycoplasma spp

A

Ofloxacin

55
Q

Topical AB, Eye drop for humans
Staphylococcus spp.
Streptococcus spp.
Pseudomonas aeruginos
Chlamydophilia felis
Mycoplasma spp

A

Levofloxacin
Moxifloxacin

56
Q

Topical AB, Eye ointment for humans
Staphylococcus spp.
Streptococcus spp.
RES!

A

Sulfadimidin

57
Q

Anti inflammatory glucocorticoids

A

Hydrocortisone (S)
Dexmethasone (L)
Prednisolone (S)

58
Q

Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, pannus, KCS, Blepharitis, Uveitis

A

Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone, Dexmethasone

59
Q

Anti inflammatory (NSAIDS)

A

Dicolfenac
Bromfenac
Nepafenac
Flubiprofen

60
Q

How to treat early stage of corneal ulcer, its less frequent, if GCC contraindicated (conjunctivitis and uveitis) SIDE EFFECTS

A

Diclofenac,
Bromfenac
Nepafenac
Flurbiprofen

Atropine

Protease inhibitors

61
Q

Immunosuppressive agents

A

Cyclosporin
Tacrolimus
Pimecrolimus

62
Q

How to treat KCS, Pannus or ERU

A

Cyclosporin, Tacrolimus, Pimecrolimus

Cyclosporine increases tear production

Tacrolimus has stronger immunosuppression

dexmethasone, prednisolone

ERU: prednisolone in comb with cyclosporin

63
Q

Protease inhibitors

A

EDTA
N-acetylcysteine
Tetracyclines
Serum

64
Q

How to treat Corneal Ulcer

A

Atropine

with protease inhibitors
EDTA
N-acetylcysteine
Tetracyclines
Serum

65
Q

Parasympathomimetics

A

Pilocarpine

66
Q

How to treat Glaucoma (Parasympathoomimetics)

A

Pilocarpine

67
Q

Parasympatholytics

A

Atropine, Homatropine, Tropicamide

68
Q

How to treat Uveitis

A

Atropine

=prednisolone and cyclosporin implant for ERU

69
Q

How to treat Corneal Ulcer

A

Atropine

+proteinase inhibitors

70
Q

How to make a fundus exam

A

Homatropine, Tropicamide

atropine not the best for sport or working animals

71
Q

Sympatholytics

A

Timolol, Betaxolol

72
Q

Glaucoma treatment (Sympatholytics)

A

Timolol, Betaxolol
Def. more effective than pilocarpine

73
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

Dorzolamide, Brinzolamide

74
Q

Glaucoma Treatment (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)

A

Dorzolamide, Brinzolamide

75
Q

Prostaglandin Analogues

A

Latanoprost, Travoprost

76
Q

Glaucoma Treatment (Prostaglandin analogues

A

Latanoprost, Travoprost

77
Q

Antihistamines

A

Azelastine (covid treatment, not offical indication of eye treatment) Olopatadine,Epinastine, Emedastine, Antazoline (intravasal and conjuctival applic.)

78
Q

How to treat allergic conjunctivitis (antihistamines)

A

Azelastine, Epinastine, Emedastine, Olopatadine, Antazoline

they have mast cell stabilizing activity

79
Q

Mast cell stabilizers

A

sodium chromoglycate, Lodoxamide, Nedocromil (human authorised)

80
Q

How to treat allergic conjunctivitis (mast cell stabilizers)

A

sodium chromoglycate, Lodoxamide, Nedocromil

81
Q

Alpha agonists

A

Tetryzoline HCL

82
Q

How to treat allergic conjunctivitis (alpha agonists)

A

Tetryzoline HCL

83
Q

Local Anaesthetics

A

Oxibuprocaine, Bupivacaine, Tetracaine

84
Q

Glaucoma drugs

A

Timolol, Betaxolol
Dozolamide, Brinzolamide
Latanoprost, Travoprost
Pilocarpine
MANNITOL added in acute phases !!!

85
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis drugs

A

Azelastine, olopatadenine, epinastine, emedastine, Antazoline
Sodium chromoglycate, lodoxamide, Nedocromil
Tetryzoline HCL

86
Q

Hypothyreosis in Dog

A

Levothyroxine-Na

87
Q

Hyperthyroidosis in Cat

A

Thiamazole (carbimazole)

88
Q
A
89
Q
A

Pharmacology 2 (4 decks)

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