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HSC 4713 > Lessons 5-7 (Quiz 2) > Flashcards

Lessons 5-7 (Quiz 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is formative evaluation?

A

Collecting data in pilot situations while developing an intervention

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2
Q

What is the main purpose of formative evaluations?

A

Obtain feedback

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3
Q

What is formative evaluation concerned with?

A

Concerned with feasibility

  • Are proposed activities appropriate?
  • Do they FIT with setting & recipients?
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4
Q

Are there specific methodology or procedures?

A

NO

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5
Q

What are the 3 Fs of formative evaluation?

A

Feasibility
Fit
Fine Tuning

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6
Q

Is “internal” agency business reported to stakeholders?

A

NO

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7
Q

What are the 3 approaches to conduct formative evaluations?

A

Approach 1: Locate model standards
- Look @ what has already been successful
Approach 2: Get expert consultation
- Who knows what has been successful?
- Pay them to find out what they think
Approach 3: Form an evaluation committee
- Interview staff & visit similar programs

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8
Q

What are process evaluations primarily concerned with?

A

Delivery of services and dosage.

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9
Q

What is dosage?

A

Requirement of time.

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10
Q

Formative evaluation vs. Process evaluation?

A 
Formative evaluation
- used to FORM program in early stages
- program development
Process evaluation
- Occurs once the program has been established
- Concerned with program fidelity
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11
Q

What is program fidelity?

A 
Program loyalty (how faithfully a program is carried out)
- means not only doing it, but doing it well
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12
Q

Why should programs be concerned with fidelity?

A

High fidelity = greater chance of significant behavioral change
- programs with highest fidelity = great outcomes

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13
Q

Why should evaluators be concerned with fidelity?

A

lack of fidelity could lead an evaluator to mistake the effectiveness or non-effectiveness of a program

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14
Q

What are the main goals of process evaluation?

A

Program monitoring and quality assurance.

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15
Q

What can process evaluation identify?

A

variations in program delivery called “program drift”

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16
Q

Without process evaluation what may occur?

A

Type 3 error

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17
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A

Incorrectly inferring program effectiveness

- REJECTING a null hypothesis that is truly accurate

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18
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

null hypothesis = no difference in effectiveness or significant change

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19
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

Failing to reject the null hypothesis

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20
Q

What is type 3 error?

A

related to fidelity (cannot give outcome because plan was not followed)

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21
Q

What is the evaluation big picture?

A
  1. Need assessment
  2. Formative evaluation
  3. Process evaluation
  4. Outcome evaluation
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22
Q

What does process evaluation provide feedback on?

A

On the quality of ongoing intervention delivery

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23
Q

What can process evaluation determine?

A

Determine if failure = poor program or poor implementation

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24
Q

How can you tell if the right program elements were delivered to the right people?

A

Collect data on program components

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25
Q

Data from pilot situations, feasibility, and fit are elements of which type of evaluation?

A

Formative evaluation

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26
Q

What is a natural complement to outcome evaluation?

A

Process evaluation

27
Q

Delivery of services and dosage are focuses of which type of evaluation?

A

Process evaluation

28
Q

What does process evaluation help prevent?.

A

Type 3 error

29
Q

What are concepts?

A

The primary building blocks of a theory

30
Q

What are the key concepts of a theory known as?

A

Known as the theory’s constructs

31
Q

What is the ecological perspective?

A

It is a multilevel, interactive approach to examining the influences on health-related behaviors & conditions.

32
Q

What does the ecological perspective recognize?

A

It recognizes that health-related behaviors and conditions are part of a larger system and can be approached from multiple levels.

33
Q

What are the 5 levels of influence in the ecological model?

- Only 3 are used for the purposes of program planning

A
  1. Intrapersonal factors
  2. Interpersonal factors
  3. Institutional factors
  4. Community factors
  5. Public policy factors
34
Q

What is the stimulus response theory?

A

A theory used to explain or modify behavior

35
Q

What does the SR theory reflect?

A

The combination of classical conditioning and instrumental learning.

36
Q

What do SR theorists believe?

A

They believe that learning results from reinforcements.

37
Q

What are the 2 broad categories of environmental consequences?

A

reinforcement or punishment

positive and negative reinforcement

38
Q

What was the theory of reasoned action developed for?

A

Developed to explain not just health behavior but all volitional behaviors (behaviors that can be performed at will)
- provides framework to study attitudes for behaviors

39
Q

In the Theory of reasoned action what do the theorists distinguish among?

A
  1. Attitude
    - degree to which performance of behavior is positively or negatively valued
  2. Belief
  3. Intention
    - person’s readiness to perform given behavior
  4. Behavior
40
Q

When do complications arise in the theory of reasoned action?

A

Complications are encountered when the theory is applied to behaviors that are not fully under volitional control

41
Q

What is the theory of planned behavior and what problem does it address?

A

The theory of planned behavior is an extension of the theory of reasoned action that addresses the problem of incomplete volitional control

42
Q

What is the theory of freeing aimed at?

A

Aimed at empowering education

43
Q

What are the 3 stages of the theory of freeing?

A
  1. Listening stage
    - the priority population is identifying issues and needs, not the planners
  2. Dialogue process
    - revolves around “code”
  3. Action stage
44
Q

What is the most frequently used theory in health education?

A

The health belief model

45
Q

What does the HBM depend on?

A

Depends on simultaneous occurrence of 3 classes of factors:

  1. Existence of motivation
  2. Belief that one is susceptible to health problem aka perceived threat
  3. Belief that they will benefit
46
Q

What does the transtheoretical model use?

A

It uses stages of change

47
Q

What are the stages of change?

A
  1. Precontemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
48
Q

What are the two distinct phases of the health action process approach theory?

A

The HAPA is divided into 2 distinct phases- motivation to change and self-regulatory processes- and five stages: intention, planning, initiative, maintenance, and recovery.

49
Q

How can a communities readiness be assessed?

A

Through key informants

50
Q

What is a theory?

A

A systematic way of understanding events or situations

- A set of concepts that EXPLAINS or PREDICTS events

51
Q

What do theories have?

A

Boundaries (think of an empty coffee cup- has shape but nothing inside)

52
Q

What does theory provide a general explanation for?

A

Of why people act or do not act to maintain and/or promote their health

53
Q

What do theories all researchers to investigate?

A

WHY
- why are people doing what they do/not doing?
WHO
- who is most suitable target for change?
WHAT
- what is our target?
HOW
- how going to do it an effective manner?

54
Q

What does appropriate choice of theory depend on?

A
  1. nature of problem
  2. Setting
  3. Target audience
  4. Program goals
55
Q

What are components of theories?

A 
Concepts
- building blocks
Constructs
- concepts unique to a particular theory
Variables
- operational forms of contracts
Models
-draw on a number of theories
56
Q

What does the ecological perspective emphasize?

A

Interaction and interdependence of factors within and across ALL LEVELS of a health problem

57
Q

What is a logic model?

A

Schematic way to portray relationships b/w goals and objectives

58
Q

What does a logic model represent?

A

Represents a series of “if-then” relationships

- IF program activities are implemented successfully, THEN certain outcomes can be expected

59
Q

What does a logic model a link b/w?

A

Program activities, objectives, outcomes, resources, and external influences

60
Q

What does a logic model identify?

A

Identifies aspects of a program that should be monitored

61
Q

What is the best measure of a programs success?

A

The answer to this question should be provided by stakeholders

62
Q

How do we judge a program?

A

By standards

63
Q

What can standards be set by?

A

Needs assessment (state and national data)
Input from experts in the field
Published and unpublished literature
Comparison with other programs

64
Q

What are the elements of a measurable objective?

A 
WHAT
- outcome to be achieved
WHEN
- time point at which the change takes place
WHO
- target population
HOW MUCH
- how much change will occur?

HSC 4713 (6 decks)

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