Lessons 5-7 Flashcards
Integumentary System
skin and accessory features
what is the largest organ in the body
the skin
functions of the integumentary system
physical protection, thermoregulation, sensory, immunity, lipid storage
categories of skin from inner to outer
hypodermis, dermis, epidermis
Epidermis
top layers of skin
Mnemonic for layers of the epidermis
come let’s get burnt
epidermis composition
keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
thick skin epidermis
five layers, found on soles and palms, has a layer of stratum lucidium
thin skin epidermis
four layers, no stratum lucidium
keratinocytes
cell found in all epidermis layers but the stratum basale
keratinocyte function
modify, manufacture, and store keratin
stratum basale
bottom layer of the epidermis that is a single layer of cuboidal cells
stratum spinosum
thick layer of keratinocytes
stratum granulosum
layer of keratinocytes with thick cell membranes
stratum lucidum
thin layer of dead keratinocytes
stratum lucidum is only found in which type of epidermis?
thick skin
stratum corneum
a large layer of keratinized keratinocytes bound in sheets
Dermis
underlying layer of skin
dermis contains what besides skin cells
blood and lymph vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands
dermis composition
two layers of connective tissue made of elastin and collagen
two layers of the dermis
papillary and reticular layers
papillary layer
more superficial layer of the dermis
papillary layer composition
loose, areolar connective tissue
dermal papillae
where the papillary layer projects into the stratum basale
papillary layer contains
fibroblasts, fat cells, blood vessels, phagocytes, nerve fibers, touch receptors
reticular layer
bottom layer of the dermis
reticular layer composition
dense irregular tissue in a net-like structure with elastin and collagen
reticular layer contains
blood vessels and nerves
hypodermis layer
subcutaneous layer
hypodermis function
connects the skin to fascia of bones and muscles
hypodermis composition
vascularized loose areolar and adipose tissue
purpose of adipose tissue in the hypodermis
fat storage and cushioning
hair
keratinized filament
what layer does hair originate in
epidermis
hair function
protection, sensory input, thermoregulation, communication
arrector pili
contracts in response to nerve signals, causing hair follicles to stand on end
hair follicle internal root sheath
surround the root up into the hair shaft
hair follicle external root sheath
extension of the epidermis that encloses the hair root
hair follicle glass membrane
thick clear connective tissue that covers the hair root
hair bulb
where the hair root ends
hair matrix
layer if active basal cells that produce new hair cells
hair papilla
connective tissue, blood capillaries, and nerve endings that surround the hair bulb
nail bed
the tips of fingers and toes
lunula
thick layer of epithelium at the base of the nail bed that is whiteish in color
nail root
matrix of active cells that cause nail growth
eponychium
fold that overlaps the nail to anchor the body
nail cuticle
fold that meets the proximal end of the body
hyponychium
area beneath the free edge of nail
hyponychium composition
thick layer of stratum corneum
sweat gland function
cool the body
two types of sweat glands
eccrine and apocrine
eccrine glands are found
all over the skin, palms, soles, and forehead
eccrine gland structure
coiled in the upper dermis
eccrine gland composition
water, salt, antibodies, metabolic waste
apocrine gland found
armpits and genital region
apocrine gland structure
large gland deep in the dermis
apocrine composition
water, salt, organic compounds
skeletal system function
provide a structure to support body weight and allow muscles to move
axial skeleton
bones which form the vertical and central axis of the body
axial skeleton bones
skull, vertebral column, ribs
axial skeleton function
support the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs and act as an attachment site
appendicular skeleton
bones of the limbs and bones that attach limbs to the axial skeleton
long bone shape
cylindrical, longer than width
long bone function
levers that move with muscle contraction
long bone examples
radium, humerus, femur
short bone shape
cube-like
short bone function
stability and support
short bone examples
tarsals and carpals
flat bone shape
thin and curved
flat bone function
point of attachment and protection
flat bone examples
skull, scapulae, ribs
flat bone distinct structure
layer of spongy bone in between compact bone
irregular bone examples
vertebrae, facial bones
sesamoid bone shape
small, shaped like a seed
sesamoid bone function
form and protect tendons
sesamoid bone example
patella
diaphysis
tubular shaft of the bone
epiphyses
proximal and distal ends of the bone
medullary cavity
hollow region of the diaphysis
the medullary cavity is filled with
yellow marrow
endosteum
membranous lining of the medullary cavity
the endosteum is where what occurs?
growth, repair, and remodeling
periosteum
membrane surrounding the outside of the bone
the periosteum
blood and lymph vessels, nerves
articular cartilage
thin cartilage at the epiphyses that reduces friction/absorbs shock where bones meet
bone articulation
cupping or rounding where bone surfaces meet
bone projection
area of bone that projects above the surface and is the attachment point for ligaments and tendons
bone condyle
rounded surface
bone spine
short, sharp projection
bone tuberosity
large rough surface
osteogenic bone cell
a stem cell that develops into osteoblasts
osteogenic cells are found in
the periosteum and marrow
osteoblast cell
build up bone matrix
osteblasts are found in
growing bone, periosteum and endosteum
osteocyte cell
maintains bone tissue
osteocytes are found in
lacuna
osteoclast cell
breakdown bone
osteoclasts are found
on bone surfaces
compact bone is found
under periosteum and diaphysis
compact bone function
withstand compressive forces
cell unit of compact bone
osteon
lamellae
concentric rings of calcified matrix
central canal
runs down the center of the osteon, contains blood, lymph, and nerves
canaliculus
where vessels and nerves branch off from the osteon
lacunae
spaces in the osteon where osteocytes
spongy bone
bone with open spaces to support weight shifts
trabeculae
lattice-like network of matrix spikes that form along stress lines in spongy bone
spaces in spongy bones contain
red marrow
purpose of red marrow
blood cell production
purpose of yellow marrow
bone nourishment
joint
where bones come together
fibrous joint
adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous tissue
do fibrous joints have a joint cavity?
no
amphiarthroses joints
allow limited movement
syndesmosis joints
bones are more separated and held together by a ligament or interosseous membrane
example of syndesmosis
ankle
cartilaginous joints
adjacent bones united by cartilage
do cartilaginous joints have joint cavities?
no
synchondrosis cartilaginous joint
bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
synchondrosis joints rom
lack movement
synchondrosis joint example
epiphyseal growth plate
symphysis cartilaginous joints
bones joined by fibrocartilage
symphysis joints are resistant to
pulling and bendinf
symphysis joint examples
pubic and intervertebral symphysis
synovial joint
has joint cavity
joint cavity
fluid space where articulating surfaces of bones touch containing the synovial fluid
synovial joint characteristics
most common, have increased joint mobility, bones connected by ligaments, muscles, and tendons
synovial joint rom
increased movement
articular capsule
fibrous tissue attached to each bone
articular cartilage
thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering surfaces of bone articulations
articular cartilage is lined by
a synovial membrane for lubrication and movement
articular disc is another name for
meniscus
articular disc
fibrocartilage structure between bones
bursa
thin connective tissue sac with lubrication to prevent friction
tendon sheath
connective tissue sac surrounding a muscle tendon crossing a joint
pivot joint
rounded portion of bone enclosed in a ring formed by another bone
pivot joint example
atlantoaxial joint
hinge joint
end of one bone articulates with another bone surface to allow movement in one axis
hinge joint example
elbow, knee, ankle
condyloid joint
shallow depression of one bone articulates with a rounded adjacent bone
condyloid joint example
knuckle
saddle joint
articulating surfaces of bones have a saddle shape (rider in a saddle)
saddle joint example
thumb joint
plane joint
gliding joint where the bones are flat and slide against each other
plane joint example
carpal and tarsals
ball-and-socket joint
rounded head of one bone fits into a concave articulation of another
ball and socket example
hip and shoulder joints
joint with the greatest range of motion
ball and socket
supination
palm facing forward
pronation
palm facing backward
excursion
side to side movement of mandible
opposition
pinching movement with fingers
