Lessons 11-18

Question 1

3 steps to change ordinary statements into standard argument form

Answer 1

1. Identify and write down the entire subject on the board
2. choose the proper “to be” verb
3. rewrite the entire predicate as a predicate nominative

This helps us analyze statements in arguments

Question 2

categorical statement

Answer 2

statements that either affirm or deny something about their subjects

Question 3

four types of standard categorical statements

Answer 3

1. universal affirmative
2. universal negative
3. particular affirmative
4. particular negative

Question 4

subject of the statement

Answer 4

the term being described, or about which something is asserted

Question 5

predicate of the statement

Answer 5

the term that describes or asserts something about the subject

Question 6

quantity

Answer 6

identifies whether the statement is universal (all and no) or particular (some and some not)

Question 7

every categorical statement can be translated in one of four forms

Answer 7

1. All S are P
2. No S are P
3. Some S are P
4. Some S are not P

Question 8

quality

Answer 8

identifies whether the statement is affirmative(all and some) or negative (no and some not)

Question 9

Rules for translating categorical statements into standard categorical form

Answer 9

1. The statements must begin with the words all, no or some
2. The verb must be the verb of being: is, are, was, were, will be, etc.
3. Both the subject and the predicate must be noun or a noun phrase

Question 10

A statements

Answer 10

all universal affirmative statements

Question 11

E statements

Answer 11

all universal negative statements

Question 12

I statements

Answer 12

particular affirmative statements (some P are D)

Question 13

O statements

Answer 13

particular negative statements (some P are not D)

Question 14

contradiction

Answer 14

two statements are in contradiction if and only if they always have opposite truth values.
A statements contradict O statements and E statements contradict I statements
the relationship between A and O statements and the relationship between E and I statements

Question 15

square of opposition

Answer 15

a simple way to diagram the various relationships…shows how A,E,I and O are related

Question 16

contrary statements

Answer 16

two statements are contrary if and only if they can both be false but cannot both be true.
relationship between A and E statements

Question 17

contradictory truth values are always opposite

Answer 17

contraries can both be false

Question 18

subcontrary statements

Answer 18

both statements can be true but they cannot both be false

relationship between I and O

Question 19

subimplication

Answer 19

relationship between universal and particular statement of the same quality, in which the truth of the universal necessitates the truth of the particular
relationship from A to I statements and E to O statements

Question 20

superimplication

Answer 20

the relationship between a universal and particular statement of the same quality, in which the falsity of the particular necessitates the falsity of the particular