Lessons 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

logic

A

is the science and art of reasoning well

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2
Q

3 Laws of Thought

A

Law of Excluded Middle
The Law of Identity
Law of Noncontradiction

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3
Q

Law of Excluded Middle

A

Any statement is either true or false

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4
Q

Law of Identity

A

If a statement is true, then it is true

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5
Q

Law of Noncontradiction

A

A statement cannot be both true and false

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6
Q

reasoning

A

drawing proper conclusions from information we already have

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7
Q

formal logic

A

deals with the proper modes of reasoning

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8
Q

informal logic

A

deals with operations of thinking that are indirectly related to reasoning

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9
Q

induction

A

reasoning with probability from examples or experience to general rules

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10
Q

deduction

A

reasoning with certainty from premises to conclusions

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11
Q

term

A

a concept with a precise meaning expressed by one or more words

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12
Q

definition

A

a statement that gives the meaning of a term

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13
Q

6 purposes of definitions

A
  1. show relationships
  2. remove ambiguity
  3. reduce vagueness
  4. increase vocabulary
  5. explain concepts theoretically
  6. influence attitudes
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14
Q

5 types of definitions

A
  1. lexical def.
  2. précising def
  3. stipulative def
  4. persuasive def
  5. theoretical def
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15
Q

lexical definition

A

a single, established meaning of a term(dictionary)

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16
Q

précising definition

A

they apply only in the situation they are being used

ie small…by small I mean five dollars

17
Q

stipulative definition

A

a definition to a new word, a word being used a new way

18
Q

theoretical definition

A

definition given to a term, not because the word itself is unfamiliar, but because the term is not understood…h2o…water

19
Q

persuasive definition

A

definition that aims to persuade the listener one way or another toward the term being defined

20
Q

ambiguous

A

having more than one meaning

21
Q

vague

A

one whose extent is unclear

22
Q

genus

A

a term that is more general, broad, or abstract than the original term and includes it
ie: dime: a coin worth ten cents
coin is the genus

23
Q

species

A

a term that is more specific, narrow or concrete than the original term and is included by it.
ie: dime: a coin worth ten cents
dime is the species

24
Q

species must always be mutually exclusive, usually they are not exhaustive

A

species must always by mutually exclusive, usually they are not exhaustive

25
Q

basic errors when drawing genus/species charts

A

overlapping species
ambiguous terms
confusing genus/species with part/whole

26
Q

extension

A

the sum of all the things described by the term. sum of all the individual objects to which a term applies

27
Q

intension

A

the sum of all the common attributes of the term

28
Q

extension and intension are inversely related

A

extension and intension are inversely related

29
Q

increasing intension

A

becoming more specific

30
Q

increasing extension

A

becoming more general, broader, more abstract

31
Q

3 methods of defining

A
  1. by synonym
  2. by example
  3. by genus and difference
32
Q

defining by synonym

A

explaining a word by using a word you know, use a simple word, easily understood

33
Q

defining by example

A

to give a demonstration
list species of a term
usually includes some differing terms, to provide a complete definition

34
Q

defining by genus and difference

A

a term is defined by naming its genus, and then adding descriptive words that distinguish that term from every other species under that genus

35
Q

6 rules for defining by genus and difference

A
  1. A definition should state the essential attributes of a term
  2. A definition should not be circular
  3. A definition should not be too broad or narrow
  4. A definition should not be unclear or figurative
  5. A definition should be stated positively
  6. A definition should be the same part of speech as the term