Lessons 10-11 Joints Flashcards
what are the structural classifications of joints?
- bony
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
what are the functional classifications of joints?
- synarthrosis (immovable)
- amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable
- diarthrosis (freely moveable)
describe a bony joint (synostosis) and name an example
an immovable joint formed when the gap between 2 bones ossify
synostosis means the fusion of 2 bones
ex. illium, ischium, and pubis fuse to form coxal hip bone
describe a fibrous joint (synarthrosis) and name 3 types
immovable or fixed joints that connect bones with thick, tightly woven collagenous connective tissue (immovable)
- sutures
- gomphoses
- syndesmoses
what are serrate sutures, lap (squamous) sutures, and plane (butt) sutures?
serrate: interlocking wavy lines (coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures)
lap (squamous): overlapping edges (temporal and parietal bones) like //
plane (butt): straight non-overlapping edges (palatine processes of maxillae) like ll
what attaches a tooth to its socket?
gomphoses (singular gomphosis)
what are syndesmoses?
fibrous joints where two bones are connected by long collagen fibers (the length of the fibers make the joint more mobile)
describe a cartilaginous joint (amphiarthrosis) and list the 2 types
2 bones linked by cartilage
- synchondroses
- symphyses
what is the difference between synchondroses and symphyses?
synchondrosis: bones joined by hyaline cartilage (ribs)
symphyses: bones joined by fibrocartilage (vertebrae)
describe a synovial joint (diarthrosis)
2 bones are separated by a joint cavity
- most are freely mobile
True or false: the more ROM, the weaker the joint
TRUE
what is the connective tissue that encloses the joint cavity and retains the synovial fluid?
joint (articular) capsule
what is the general structure of a synovial joint?
- articular cartilage
- joint cavity
- synovial fluid
- joint capsule
- articular disc
- meniscus
what are the accessory structures associated with synovial joints?
- tendon (attaches muscle to bone)
- ligament (attaches bone to bone)
- bursa (cushions muscles)
- tendon sheath (elongated bursa wrapped around a tendon
how does exercise affect articular cartilage?
exercise allows the cartilage to absorb synovial fluid more easily which allows it to be a more effective cushion
what is another way to name a dislocation?
luxation
what are the major types of synovial joints? (hint: there are 6)
- ball and socket joints
- condylar (ellipsoid) joints
- saddle joints
- plane (gliding joints)
- hinge joints
- pivot joints
what is a subluxation?
a partial dislocation
what is the only multiaxial joint in the body?
ball and socket
which joints are biaxial?
- condylar (ellipsoid) joints (wrist)
- saddle joints (thumb)
- plane (gliding) joints (ankle)
which joints are monoaxial?
- hinge joints (knee)
- pivot joints (elbow)
what is the difference between flexion and extension?
flextion: movement that decreases a joint angle <
extension: movement that straightens a joint and returns body part to zero position _
what is hyperextension?
extension of a joint past the zero position
what is the difference between abduction and adduction?
abduction: movement in the frontal plane away from the midline (lift arms up from the side)
adduction: movement in the frontal plane back towards the midline (move arm down to your side)
what is the difference between elevation and depression?
elevation: movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane (lifting your shoulders up)
depression: movement that lowers a body part in the same place (lowering your shoulders)
what is the difference between protraction and retraction?
protraction: anterior movement of a body part in the horizontal plane (bringing your shoulders forward)
retraction: posterior movement (bringing your shoulders back)
describe what circumduction is
one end is stationary while the other end makes a circular motion (rotate your arm)
what are the different types of rotation?
rotation: movement which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis
medial (internal) rotation: turns the bone inward
lateral (external) rotation: turns the bone outwards
what is the difference between supination and pronation?
**primarily forearm movements
supination: turns palm to face upwards (ulna and radius are parallel)
pronation: turns palm to face downward (ulna and radius cross like an X)
what movements allow for us to eat?
protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression
what is the difference between opposition and reposition?
**movements of the thumb
opposition: thumb moves to approach the tip of another finger
reposition: return of thumb to the zero position
what is the difference between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?
dorsiflexion: elevating your toes upwards (taking a step)
plantar flexion: extending foot downwards so your toes point down (tip-toe)
what is the difference between inversion and eversion?
inversion: movement in which the soles are turned medially (praying with your feet)
eversion: movement in which the soles are turned laterally (stanky leg but with your foot)
what is the jaw joint called, and what are the 2 ligaments that support it?
temporomandibular joint
mandible with the mandibular fossa of temporal bone
- lateral ligament
- sphenomandibular ligament
what is the shoulder joint called?
glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint
what is the glenoid labrum?
fibrocartilage ring that deepends the glenoid cavity
what is the rotator cuff of the shoulder joint?
tendons of four muscles fused to provide support for the shoulder
what 2 articulations does the elbow have?
- humeroulnar joint: trochlea of the humerus joints trochlear notch of ulna
- humeroradial joint: capitulum of humerus meets head of radius
what ligament is associated with the coxal (hip) joint?
round ligament attaches the
head of femur to the acetabulum of the hip bone
what is the knee joint also called?
tibiofemoral (knee) joint, which is the hinge joint between the femur and tibia
what is a patellofemoral joint?
patella and patellar ligament articulate with femur, forming a gliding patellofemoral joint
what absorbs shock in the knee?
the lateral and media menisci, which is joined by the transverse ligament
what is the posterior popliteal region supported by? and what does it do?
extracapsular ligaments: fibular (lateral) and tibial (medial) collateral ligaments which prevents the knee from rotating when extended
intracapsular ligaments: ACL (prevents hyperextension) and PCL (prevents posterior displacement of tibia relative to femur)
what is arthritis?
inflammation of joints
