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BSC2085 > Lessons 10-11 Joints > Flashcards

Lessons 10-11 Joints Flashcards

1
Q

what are the structural classifications of joints?

A
  • bony
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
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2
Q

what are the functional classifications of joints?

A
  • synarthrosis (immovable)
  • amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable
  • diarthrosis (freely moveable)
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3
Q

describe a bony joint (synostosis) and name an example

A

an immovable joint formed when the gap between 2 bones ossify

synostosis means the fusion of 2 bones

ex. illium, ischium, and pubis fuse to form coxal hip bone

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4
Q

describe a fibrous joint (synarthrosis) and name 3 types

A

immovable or fixed joints that connect bones with thick, tightly woven collagenous connective tissue (immovable)

  1. sutures
  2. gomphoses
  3. syndesmoses
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5
Q

what are serrate sutures, lap (squamous) sutures, and plane (butt) sutures?

A

serrate: interlocking wavy lines (coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures)

lap (squamous): overlapping edges (temporal and parietal bones) like //

plane (butt): straight non-overlapping edges (palatine processes of maxillae) like ll

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6
Q

what attaches a tooth to its socket?

A

gomphoses (singular gomphosis)

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7
Q

what are syndesmoses?

A

fibrous joints where two bones are connected by long collagen fibers (the length of the fibers make the joint more mobile)

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8
Q

describe a cartilaginous joint (amphiarthrosis) and list the 2 types

A

2 bones linked by cartilage

  • synchondroses
  • symphyses
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9
Q

what is the difference between synchondroses and symphyses?

A

synchondrosis: bones joined by hyaline cartilage (ribs)

symphyses: bones joined by fibrocartilage (vertebrae)

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10
Q

describe a synovial joint (diarthrosis)

A

2 bones are separated by a joint cavity

  • most are freely mobile
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11
Q

True or false: the more ROM, the weaker the joint

A

TRUE

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12
Q

what is the connective tissue that encloses the joint cavity and retains the synovial fluid?

A

joint (articular) capsule

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13
Q

what is the general structure of a synovial joint?

A
  • articular cartilage
  • joint cavity
  • synovial fluid
  • joint capsule
  • articular disc
  • meniscus
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14
Q

what are the accessory structures associated with synovial joints?

A
  • tendon (attaches muscle to bone)
  • ligament (attaches bone to bone)
  • bursa (cushions muscles)
  • tendon sheath (elongated bursa wrapped around a tendon
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15
Q

how does exercise affect articular cartilage?

A

exercise allows the cartilage to absorb synovial fluid more easily which allows it to be a more effective cushion

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16
Q

what is another way to name a dislocation?

A

luxation

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17
Q

what are the major types of synovial joints? (hint: there are 6)

A
  1. ball and socket joints
  2. condylar (ellipsoid) joints
  3. saddle joints
  4. plane (gliding joints)
  5. hinge joints
  6. pivot joints
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18
Q

what is a subluxation?

A

a partial dislocation

19
Q

what is the only multiaxial joint in the body?

A

ball and socket

20
Q

which joints are biaxial?

A
  • condylar (ellipsoid) joints (wrist)
  • saddle joints (thumb)
  • plane (gliding) joints (ankle)
21
Q

which joints are monoaxial?

A
  • hinge joints (knee)
  • pivot joints (elbow)
22
Q

what is the difference between flexion and extension?

A

flextion: movement that decreases a joint angle <

extension: movement that straightens a joint and returns body part to zero position _

23
Q

what is hyperextension?

A

extension of a joint past the zero position

24
Q

what is the difference between abduction and adduction?

A

abduction: movement in the frontal plane away from the midline (lift arms up from the side)

adduction: movement in the frontal plane back towards the midline (move arm down to your side)

25
Q

what is the difference between elevation and depression?

A

elevation: movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane (lifting your shoulders up)

depression: movement that lowers a body part in the same place (lowering your shoulders)

26
Q

what is the difference between protraction and retraction?

A

protraction: anterior movement of a body part in the horizontal plane (bringing your shoulders forward)

retraction: posterior movement (bringing your shoulders back)

27
Q

describe what circumduction is

A

one end is stationary while the other end makes a circular motion (rotate your arm)

28
Q

what are the different types of rotation?

A

rotation: movement which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis

medial (internal) rotation: turns the bone inward

lateral (external) rotation: turns the bone outwards

29
Q

what is the difference between supination and pronation?

A

**primarily forearm movements

supination: turns palm to face upwards (ulna and radius are parallel)

pronation: turns palm to face downward (ulna and radius cross like an X)

30
Q

what movements allow for us to eat?

A

protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression

31
Q

what is the difference between opposition and reposition?

A

**movements of the thumb

opposition: thumb moves to approach the tip of another finger

reposition: return of thumb to the zero position

32
Q

what is the difference between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?

A

dorsiflexion: elevating your toes upwards (taking a step)

plantar flexion: extending foot downwards so your toes point down (tip-toe)

33
Q

what is the difference between inversion and eversion?

A

inversion: movement in which the soles are turned medially (praying with your feet)

eversion: movement in which the soles are turned laterally (stanky leg but with your foot)

34
Q

what is the jaw joint called, and what are the 2 ligaments that support it?

A

temporomandibular joint
mandible with the mandibular fossa of temporal bone

  • lateral ligament
  • sphenomandibular ligament
35
Q

what is the shoulder joint called?

A

glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint

36
Q

what is the glenoid labrum?

A

fibrocartilage ring that deepends the glenoid cavity

37
Q

what is the rotator cuff of the shoulder joint?

A

tendons of four muscles fused to provide support for the shoulder

38
Q

what 2 articulations does the elbow have?

A
  • humeroulnar joint: trochlea of the humerus joints trochlear notch of ulna
  • humeroradial joint: capitulum of humerus meets head of radius
39
Q

what ligament is associated with the coxal (hip) joint?

A

round ligament attaches the
head of femur to the acetabulum of the hip bone

40
Q

what is the knee joint also called?

A

tibiofemoral (knee) joint, which is the hinge joint between the femur and tibia

41
Q

what is a patellofemoral joint?

A

patella and patellar ligament articulate with femur, forming a gliding patellofemoral joint

42
Q

what absorbs shock in the knee?

A

the lateral and media menisci, which is joined by the transverse ligament

43
Q

what is the posterior popliteal region supported by? and what does it do?

A

extracapsular ligaments: fibular (lateral) and tibial (medial) collateral ligaments which prevents the knee from rotating when extended

intracapsular ligaments: ACL (prevents hyperextension) and PCL (prevents posterior displacement of tibia relative to femur)

44
Q

what is arthritis?

A

inflammation of joints

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