Lesson 9 Gastrointestinal Systems Flashcards
A major disorder of upper GI tract, is diagnosed if a person has esophagitis more than a few times a week. most commonly in infants and in persons older than age 40 years.
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
This disease is associated with esophogitis and GERD, and if left untreated there is the possibility of acute GI bleeding.
peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
How is the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) affected in GERD patients?
a functional or mechanical problem that decreases muscular tone: Relaxation of the LES allows for regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus
This is the delayed emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum
Gastroparesis
Why is gastroparesis problematic for GERD patients?
causes increased gastric distention that leads to increased pressure within the stomach against the LES. (lower esophageal sphincter)
How can GERD progress to a serious illness?
esophageal epithelial cells are not able to withstand the acidity of the refluxed stomach contents. The gastric acid can quickly erode the protective mucosal epithelial layer and lead to ulceration of the esophagus. Repeated injury to the epithelial layer commonly causes metaplasia, the change of esophageal epithelial cells into stomachlike columnar epithelium.
What is the metaplastic cellular change at the gastroesophageal junction called?
Barrett’s esophagus, is a precancerous change of cells
Which factor determines the seriousness of an upper GI bleed?
(can’t find a distinct answer in the book)
An acute UGIB can quickly develop into hypovolemic shock.
a large blood loss causes sudden hypotension and hypovolemia.
Hematemesis is vomitus with bright-red, bloody streaks or a dark, coffee-ground appearance. The presence of bright-red blood indicates a current bleed.
This is the presence of blood in the stool that is not visible
occult blood
PUD, esophageal varices, Mallory–Weiss syndrome, Boerhaave syndrome, esophageal cancer, and hemorrhagic gastritis, can cause what?
upper GI bleed
This is is associated with a rupture, tear, or perforation in the esophageal or gastric lining, resulting in blood loss. large blood loss causes sudden hypotension and hypovolemia. rapid onset of anxiety, dizziness, weakness, shortness of breath, or change in mental status. Tachycardia and tachypnea will occur because of decreased cardiac output. The skin will be pale and clammy as a result of the body’s effort to shut down peripheral blood flow.
Acute Upper GI bleed
This is the result of a small tear or opening in the GI tract that causes a gradual, small amount of blood loss. causes complaints of fatigue, low hemoglobin, and low iron levels
Chronic upper GI bleed
This is treated primarily with PPIs such as omeprazole (PrilosecR) for 4 to 8 weeks.
chronic upper GI bleed
This is treated with rapid fluid replacement, insertion of a nasogastric tube to prevent abdominal distention from accumulation of blood, and administration of blood transfusions. might need endoscopy, coagulation, or surgical repair
Acute Upper GI bleed
What are the two major causes of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?
the bacterium H. pylori and the use of NSAIDs or aspirin.
This is inflammatory erosion in the stomach or duodenal lining. The incidence of this disease is equal in males and females.
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
What is the most significant risk factor for developing PUD?
the presence of H. pylori
Why do NSAIDs and aspirin cause PUD?
They counteract prostaglandin E secretion, the major stimulant of gastric mucus production, and diminish the stomach’s protective layer.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is normally found in the stomach. How can HCl disorder
contribute to PUD?
Hypersecretion of HCl can lead to erosion of the mucus membrane in the stomach or duodenum, which permits the diffusion of HCl into the stomach wall and blood vessels=inflammatory response=release of protaglandins and histamine=stomach cells triggered to release more mucus and bicarbonate to neutralize, but the parietal cells keep releasing histamine and HCl=continued damage
What are complications of PUD?
bleeding and perforation
this occurs when part of the stomach pushes up through the opening in the diaphragm and protrudes into the thoracic cavity. This allows acid from the stomach to reflux back up into the esophagus.
hiatal hernia
How can gastroenteritis pathogens cause watery diarrhea?
These microorganisms cause diarrhea by adherence to the mucosa, invasion into the mucosal layer, or toxin production. The end result of most microbial infections is increased fluid to shift into the lumen of the intestine, to a point where the excessive fluid cannot be adequately reabsorbed. This fluid shift results in watery, small intestinal contents that pass into the large intestine and are then excreted as diarrhea.
This is a protrusion of a section of the small intestine through a weakened abdominal wall muscle
Hernia
This occurs from an irritation to the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine by a pathogen or toxin. The disease can occur from a virus, bacteria, parasite, or chemical toxin. It is transmitted from person to person or can be a waterborne or foodborne illness.
Gastroenteritis