Lesson 7 Lymphatic System Infection Flashcards
indicates that a pathogen is living within the host, but does not mean infection exists.
Colonization
What are specific microorganisms that are capable of causing infectious disease, are categorized mainly as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites
pathogens
Different pathogens have varying disease-producing potential, which is called
virulence
This is a source of a pathogenic organism that may or may not be suffering from the disease caused by the pathogen. (ex: child with chicken pox or environmental objects)
Reservoir
This is a living being that can carry the pathogenic organism from the reservoir to the host. (is not considered infected with the organism but is needed to transmit the pathogen to the host )
Vector
This is the study of disease distributions in human populations.
Epidemiology
This is the number of new cases of infection within a population
Incidence
This is the number of active ongoing cases of infection at any given time.
Prevalence
A disease is this if the incidence and prevalence are relatively stable
Endemic
This is an abrupt increase in the incidence of disease within a geographic region
Epidemic
This is a term used for global spread of a specific disease.
Pandemic
These are organisms that perform advantageous functions for the life of the host and reside in a specific niche in the human body.
Normal microbial flora
This is an infection caused by a microorganism that flourishes because of a host’s deficient immune system.
Opportunistic infection
These are are ubiquitous, free-living microorganisms within the environment that can be either advantageous or harmful to humans. They are categorized according to their shape, aerobic or anaerobic respiratory capability, and the laboratory staining of their cell wall structure.
Bacteria
These are microorganisms that depend on a host cell’s metabolic processes for their life cycle. They consist of a DNA or ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome surrounded by a protein coat
Viruses
These are moldlike organisms that can live on human tissue and cause infectious disease. They are diagnosed by the characteristic appearance of filamentous, or string-like, structures found on culture.
Fungi
Protozoa, helminths, and insects are parasites capable of causing infection in humans and are examples of what?
Parasites
These are unique proteinaceous infectious agents capable of causing brain diseases in animals and humans. They are resistant to human proteases and have the ability to confer this resistance to other proteins in human cells.
Prions
What are the vector and reservoirs for Lyme disease infectious bacteria?
forest animals such as squirrels, rodents, and the white-tailed deer
A tick that feeds off one of these animals can harbor the microorganism. Neither the reservoir (deer) nor vector (tick) becomes ill because of the microorganism.
What are the symptoms of Lyme Disease?
3 to 32 days, a rash known as erythema migrans begins as a painless, red macule that expands slowly to form a target-like lesion. In a few days, the center of the lesion can become erythematous, vesicular, and ulcerated. The legs, thighs, groin, scalp, and axilla are common sites of the lesion. 20% of infected persons do not exhibit the characteristic skin lesion.
Skin involvement is usually followed by headache, mild stiffness of the neck, fever, chills, migratory musculoskeletal pain, arthralgias, and extreme fatigue. Cranial neuritis, or inflammation of the facial nerve, can develop in some patients, causing one side of the face to be paralyzed—a condition called Bell’s palsy.
What type of bacteria is involved in Lyme Disease? How is it transmitted?
a bacterial spirochete called Borrelia burgdorferi
Caused by tick bite
For common cold viruses such as adeno-, corona- and rhinoviruses, list the following: Frequency of infection (F), Severity of infection (SI), Symptoms (Symp), Transmission (T), and Recovery/treatment (Tx)
F: three to four upper respiratory illnesses per person per year.
SI: mild
Symp: rhinorrhea and sneezing. can lead to otitis media and sinusitis or can stimulate asthma in those who are susceptible
T: direct contact or droplet infection
Tx: Treatment is supportive, consisting of antihistamines and decongestants. Thorough hand washing and environmental disinfection
For Influenza virus A-C list the following: Frequency of infection (F), Severity of infection (SI), Symptoms (Symp), Transmission (T), and Recovery/treatment (Tx)
F: are among the most common causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infection affecting all age groups
SI: most extensive and severe outbreaks are caused by influenza A, B virus causes outbreaks that are associated with less severe disease
Symp: brupt onset of fever, chills, headache, myalgias, arthralgias, cough, and sore throat
T: droplet infection and aerosols generated by coughs and sneezes of individuals. Fomites and hand-to-hand contact also can spread the virus.
Tx: antipyretic medications, hydration, and rest. Amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, and oseltamivir are antiviral medications
For Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) list the following: Frequency of infection (F), Severity of infection (SI), Symptoms (Symp), Transmission (T), and Recovery/treatment (Tx)
F: by adulthood, more than 90% of individuals have been infected with EBV and have developed antibodies to the virus.
SI:
Symp: Pharyngitis, fatigue, headache, fever, chills, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting are usually presenting symptoms. Pharyngitis is often the most prominent sign with tonsillar enlargement and exudate. Some individuals develop periorbital edema and a papular rash on the trunk and arms. The cervical lymph nodes, which are most commonly involved, are tender and symmetrically enlarged.
T: spread by oral secretions because the virus infects the epithelium of the oropharynx and salivary glands. The virus is frequently spread from asymptomatic adults to children by transfer of saliva. Among adolescents and young adults, the virus is most often spread by kissing, and so infectious mononucleosis has the nickname “the kissing disease.”
Tx: Treatment is supportive, which includes adequate hydration, nutrition, and rest. Splenomegaly increases the chance of splenic rupture and internal bleeding. Aspirin should be avoided to decrease the chance of bleeding. Tylenol for fever/sore throat, corticosteroids for tonsillar enlargement
This type of immunity is the one that comes to the body’s defense first and immediately. It is composed of the body’s natural anatomic barriers, normal flora, white blood cells (WBCs), and protective enzymes and chemicals.
Innate immunity
This type of immunity is developed after exposure to antigens. It acts rapidly, specifically, destructively, and with memory for every individual antigen it has encountered.
Adaptive immunity
Are monocyte-macrophages Innate immunity or adaptive?
Innate
This type of innate immunity cell functions in the following ways: phagocytosis of bacteria, tumor cells and viruses, secrete products to break down various types of antigens.
Monocyte-macrophages
Are cytokines innate immunity or adaptive?
Innate
These are inflammatory mediators produced by WBCs, mainly macrophages and lymphocytes to promote leukocyte recruitment and acute inflammation reactions: regulate lymphocyte growth, activation, and differentiation; activate macrophages; and stimulate growth and production of new blood cells.
Cytokines
Are natural killer cells innate immunity or adaptive?
Innate
These are lymphocytes that contain cytoplasmic granules, however they are not considered typical granulocytes. They are part of the innate immune response and act as a first line defense. They cells can destroy tumor cells and virus-infected cells without previous exposure.
NK or Natural Killer cells
What are the 2 major categories of adaptive immunity?
B lymphocyte = humoral
T lymphocyte = cell-mediated
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
In the thymus gland in the mid chest, which degenerates with age
Where to B lymphocytes mature?
In the bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes
This common T cell influences all other cells of the immune system, including other T cells, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and NK cells. They are involved in cell-mediated immunity and assist in antibody-mediated adaptive immunity.
CD 4 cells or T Helper cells
(CD= cluster of differentiation)
This common T cell directly attacks an antigen.
CD8 or cytotoxic T cells
(CD= cluster of differentiation)
What are the 5 stages of infection?
- incubation
- prodromal
- acute
- convalescent
- resolution
This stage of infection is the phase when the microorganism begins active replication without producing identifiable symptoms in the host.
Incubation
This stage of infection occurs when the initial appearance of symptoms is apparent in the host. During this time, the host may have only a vague sense of illness with general malaise, myalgias, headache, or fatigue. It is also a time when the host is highly contagious to others.
Prodromal
This stage of infection is the period during which the host experiences the full infectious disease with rapid proliferation of the pathogen. The host’s defenses are in full force and the inflammation reaction is fully engaged. The host’s symptoms are heightened and more specific. Host remains contagious.
Acute stage
This stage of infection is characterized by the body’s attempt to contain the infection and progressively eliminate the pathogen. Resolution of symptoms begins to occur and may stretch over days, weeks, or months, depending on the pathogen.
Convalescent
This stage of infection is the time when there is total elimination of the pathogen from the body without residual signs or symptoms.
Resolution
Which Immunoglobulin is the earliest specific one to appear in response to exposure to an antigen in the bloodstream? (initiates complement activity and further immune responses, controls ABO blood reactions, early infection active phase)
IgM
Which immunoglobulin is produced in response to allergies and parasitic infections? (found on mast cells in pulmonary and GI tracts)
IgE
Which immunoglobulins are non-specific Igs that provide general defense against infection by binding to microbes and are found on the surface of B cells? (Early stage when antigen first enters the body)
IgD
Which immunoglobulin is found on mucosal surfaces to protect mucous membranes of GI, GU and pulmonary systems and their activity is not related to infection but instead has a preventative and protective role?
IgA
Which immunoglobulin is found throughout the bloodstream, activates complement to release inflammatory and bactericidal mediators and confers long-term immunity? (late disease, recovery, and long after active phase)
IgG
How is malaria transmitted?
via mosquitos: vector transmission
What type of disease is malaria? (bacterial, virus, fungal, parasite)
Parasite
What is a key symptom(s) of malaria?
Jaundice and dark urine (due to parasites degrading blood cell parts such as hemoglobin- accumulation of bilirubin from the breakdown.)
This is also known as humoral immunity
B lymphocyte immunity
This is also known as cell-mediated immunity
T lymphocyte immunity
These process antigens first and induce cell-mediated immunity. They capture and attach to antigen and process it before the antigen is attacked
Antigen-presenting cells (APC)
What are the types of APCs (antigen presenting cells)?
Dendritic cells and macrophages
These cells are named for their numerous fine cytoplasmic projections, attach to the broadest range of antigens. They release cytokines that stimulate cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems to respond
Dendritic cells
Where are dendritic cells located
within the epidermis and mucus membranes where antigens enter the body
These are naive or immature until they encounter antigens. Part of the humoral immunity
B lymphocytes, or b cells
After exposure to an antigen, b cells are stimulated to mature into what? (which are able to produce specific proteins called Igs, or antibodies to attack the antigen)
Plasma cells
This phase of the antibody mediated response to an antigen occurs when the host cell is exposed to an antigenic invader and there is a lag time between recognition and proliferation of Igs to neutralize the invader. (which Ig is predominant in this response?)
Primary phase: IgM marks the primary response
A second exposure to the same antigen initiates this antibody mediated response also known as amnestic response. (which Ig is predominant in this response?)
Secondary immune response: IgG is predominant after the host’s re-exposure to antigen
Which Ig antibody is developed if the mother and fetus have incompatible blood types?
IgM
This type of immunity is obtained through exposure to an antigen (which commonly causes an illness)
Active acquired adaptive immunity
This is a specific formulation that contains a weakened, non-disease producing pathogen to stimulate the adaptive immune system
vaccine
The individual is given pre-made, fully formed antibodies against an antigen for this type of immunity. It provides immediate immunity, but is short term
Passive acquired adaptive immunity (an example is a baby receiving fully formed maternally produced antibodies in breast milk)
