Lesson 7 Lymphatic System Flashcards
Which 2 mediators cause the blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable during the inflammatory response?
Histamine and bradykinin
During the inflammation process, bradykinin and histamine permit __(1)___ to travel from the blood vessels to the site of injury or infection due to __(2)__.
- fluids, WBCs and platelets
- vasodilation
The increased fluid in the tissues dilutes ___1____ and lowers the pH of the surrounding fluids so they are not conducive to ___2___.
- toxins
- microbial growth
Suffix that indicates inflammation of tissue or organ
-itis
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
1.rubor (redness)
2. tumor (swelling)
3. calor (heat)
4. dolor (pain)
5. loss of function
If the fluid is rich in protein from WBCs, microbial organisms, and cellular debris, it is called
purulent exudate or pus
This is a localized, walled-off collection of purulent exudate within tissue
abscess
fluid that contains little protein and is mainly a watery filtrate of blood is called
transudate
Any accumulation of fluid in a body cavity is called, can occur due to inflammatory or non-inflammatory processes.
effusion
During the cellular phase of inflammation, a chemical signal from microbial agents, endothelial cells, and WBCs attracts platelets and other WBCs to the site of injury. what is the name of this process?
chemotaxis
During chemotaxis, an increased number of leukocytes (WBCs) are released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream, a process known as:
Leukocytosis
Once the WBCs arrive at the site of inflammation, they line up along the endothelium in the area of inflammation in a process called:
Margination
Which WBC is the first to respond at the site of inflammation (first 6-24 hours)?
Neutrophils
Which WBC replaces neutrophils at site of inflammation after neutrophils go through apoptosis?
Monocytes
What WBC do monocytes change into at the inflammation site over 24-48 hours, which then survive for long periods (weeks to months)
macrophages
Which WBS is predominant in allergic reactions?
eosinophils
what is the general name for inflammatory mediators released by WBCs?
cytokines
what are the 2 most common cytokines released by WBCs?
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interleukins (IL)
what is the purpose of cytokines
to modulate the inflammatory reaction by amplifying to deactivating the process
True or false:
Cytokines have both localized and systemic effects
TRUE
These are proteins that attract leukocytes to the endothelium at the area of injury
CHEMOkines
These mediators cause stimulation of the liver to release substances called acute phase proteins such as c-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, serum amyloid A and hepcidin.
cytokines
what facilitates WBC phagocytosis of microbes and other foreign material and assist in the analysis of the inflammation process occurring in the body?
Acute phase proteins (such as CRP) produced by the liver
What binds to red blood cells (RBCs) and fixes them into stacks that precipitate rapidly in the blood through processes called rouleaux and sedimentation?
Fibrinogen
This inflammatory mediator is produced by macrophages and causes: Fever, lack of appetite, raises metabolism to cause cachexia, hypotension
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
This inflammatory mediator is produced by macrophages and causes: Fever, stimulates platelet production, fatigue, anemia, headache
Interleukins
This inflammatory mediator is produced by mast cells, basophils and platelets and causes: Vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, activates endothelium
Histamine
This inflammatory mediator is produced by the liver, lungs and kidneys and causes: Increases vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, pain, natriuresis, hypotension
kinins
This inflammatory mediator is produced by platelets, leukocytes, mast cells and causes: Vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, platelet aggregation, angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels), leukocyte adhesion to endothelium
platelet-activating factor
This inflammatory mediator is produced by leukocytes and causes: Pain, fever, vasodilation, muscle spasm
prostaglandins
This inflammatory mediator is produced by leukocytes and mast cells and causes: Bronchospasm, increased vascular permeability
Leukotrienes
This inflammatory mediator is produced by neurons and causes: Pain, hypotension, enhances vascular permeability
Substance P
Which WBCs are referred to as granulocytes because obvious cytoplasmic granules can be seen when examined under the microscope.
Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils
This process involves recognition and attachment of the leukocyte to the foreign matter, engulfment, and degradation or killing of the ingested matter
Phagocytosis
What are examples of systemic responses to acute inflammation?
fever, pain, lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes), anorexia, sleepiness, lethargy, anemia, and weight loss
These are small, bean-sized masses of tissue located in various regions of the body, including the neck, axillary regions, central thoracic region, inguinal areas, and gastrointestinal tract
Lymph nodes
Which WBC matures in the lymph nodes
lymphocytes
Why do lymph nodes enlarge during an inflammatory process?
because of the active proliferation of lymphocytes
What are the three outcomes of acute inflammation?
- Complete resolution
- Healing by connective tissue
- Chronic, persistent inflammation that does not recede
This is an inflammatory reaction that persists for a prolonged time, from weeks to months, without resolution or healing.
Chronic inflammation
What are causes of chronic inflammation
Persistent infection by microorganisms that are difficult to eradicate (e.g., TB).
* Hypersensitivity disorders, which cause excessive activation of the immune system. Examples: autoimmune diseases such as RA, multiple sclerosis (MS), or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
- Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents such as coal dust, which causes anthracosis (black lung).
Atherosclerosis is also a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the arterial wall that is caused by agents that damage the endothelial cells.
What is chronic inflammation characterized by?
predominance of monocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages
Acute or chronic inflammation: manifested by vascular permeability and neutrophil proliferation. Products of activated macrophages eliminate injurious agents and initiate process of healing
Acute
Acute or Chronic inflammation: characterized by the predominance of monocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages. Products secreted by macrophages cause tissue damage.
Chronic
This is an area where macrophages have aggregated and are transformed into epithelial like or epithelioid cells, surrounded by lymphocytes, fibroblasts and connective tissue.
Granuloma
What is the least complicated type of wound repair where the edges of the wound are clearly demarcated, cleanly lacerated, easily brought together and no missing tissue?
Primary intention
This type of wound repair involves extensive loss of tissue within a wound. Abundant granulation and fibrous tissue are necessary to fill the defect and restore the original structure of tissue. The inflammation process within this type of wound is more intense and longer in duration. The formation of granulation tissue requires extensive time and support for the healing process.
Secondary intention
What phase that differentiates secondary intention from primary?
wound contraction
Why does wound contraction occur?
because of myofibroblasts, which are connective tissue cells with smooth muscle characteristics. These specialized cells cause the contraction of the wound’s edges to close the tissue gap.
This type of wound repair involves the wound is missing a large amount of deep tissue and is contaminated. It is cleaned and left open for 4 to 5 days before closure. The wound may require temporary packing with sterile gauze and have extensive drainage that often requires insertion of a drainage tube. By the fifth day, WBC phagocytosis of contaminated tissues occurs and the processes of epithelialization, collagen deposition, and maturation take place. Foreign materials are walled off by macrophages and other types of leukocytes to form granulomas. There is prominent scarring with healing. This type of wound commonly requires a skin graft.
Tertiary intention
