Lesson 9 Flashcards
1
Q
urinary system is responsible for
A
removing nitrogenous waste from the body
2
Q
urinary system consists of (5)
A
- kidneys
- urinary bladder
- ureters
- urethra
- trigone
3
Q
kidneys is a
A
major homeostatic organ of the body
4
Q
functions of the kidneys (2)
remove and maintain what?
A
- remove nitrogenous waste from blood stream
- maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
4
Q
urinary bladder function
A
reservoir for urine
5
Q
ureter function
A
transports waste fluids from kidneys to urinary bladder
6
Q
urethra connects
A
bladder to external environment
7
Q
trigone is what
A
triangular area delineated by the openings of the ureters and urethra
8
Q
kidneys filter blood to remove (3)
A
metabolic waste, toxins, and excess ions
9
Q
kidneys regions
A
- renal cortex
- renal medulla
10
Q
_____ outer portion of the kidney. _____ inner portion of the kidney.
A
- renal cortex
- renal medulla
11
Q
renal medulla contains
A
renal pyramids
12
Q
renal blood flow (11)
r/s/i/a/c
A
- descending aorta
- renal arteries
- segmental arteries
- interlobar arteries
- arcuate arteries
- cortical radiate arteries
- afferent arterioles
- cortical radiate veins
- arcuate veins
- interlobar veins
- renal vein
13
Q
what vessel is the location for blood filtration
A
afferent arteriole
14
Q
what is the functional unit of the kidney
A
nephron
15
Q
cortical nephron
A
- most abundant
- found in the cortex
16
Q
juxtamedullary nephron
A
found in some parts of the loop of henle in the medulla
17
Q
two major structures of the nephron
A
- glomerulus
- renal tubule
18
Q
glomerulus
A
capillary knot formed by the afferent arteriole where blood is filtered
19
Q
renal tubule forms the (3)
A
- Bowman’s capsule
- proximal and distal convoluted tubules
- loop of Henle
20
Q
Bowman’s capsule surrounds
A
glomerulus
21
Q
the inner viscera wall of the bowmans capsule is made of
A
podocytes
22
Q
podocytes do what in bowman capsule
A
form porous membrane so fluid can pass through
23
Q
fluid/ions not reabsorbed from the renal tubule passes to
A
collecting duct
24
what does the collecting duct of the kidneys do
dumps urine into the calyces and pelvis of kidneys
25
why does fluid filtration happen in the glomerulus
- afferent arteriole has high pressure/resistance and large diameter
- efferent arteriole draining glomerulus with high resistance but small diameter
26
net result of glomerulus filtering fluid
high hydrostatic pressure forces fluid and small proteins out of afferent arteriole/glomerulus into glomerular capsule
27
what is filtrate
fluid and small proteins that exit afferent arteriole into the glomerular capsule
28
peritubular capillary bed
low-pressure porous capillary network formed from efferent arteriole that leaves the glomerulus
29
the peritubular capillary bed is close to ___ to do what?
- renal tubule
- reabsorb water and ions
30
juxtamedullary nephrons also have ___ to help reabsorb fluid and ions.
vasa recta
31
juxtaglomerular apparatus functions to
concentrate urine
32
juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of
- juxtaglomerular cells
- macula densa
33
juxtaglomerular cells (where and function)
in arteriole walls and sense blood pressure
34
macula densa (what is and location)
area of specialized columnar chemoreceptors cells in distal convoluted tubule
35
three processes of urine formation
- filtration
- reabsorption
- secretion
36
urine formation: filtration
passive process in glomerulus
37
urine formation: reabsorption
- active and passive
- highly selective
- filtrate components reabsorbed through tubule wall into peritubular capillaries
38
what makes reabsorption passive
osmosis
39
75-80% of reabsorption occurs in
proximal convoluted tubule
40
what is reabsorbed in the kidneys during urine formation
- glucose
- amino acids
- some ions
41
urine formation: secretion
substances not filtered in glomerulus are secreted from peritubular capillaries and absorbed into tubules
42
urinary bladder contains ___ so it can stretch
rugae
43
micturition
emptying of the bladder
44
micturition is controlled by
- internal urethral sphincter
- external urethral sphincter
45
internal urethral sphincter
- composed of smooth muscles
- involuntary
46
external urethra sphincter
- composed of skeletal muscle
- voluntary
- located at the urogenital diaphragm
47
urine color should be
clear/pale yellow to amber
48
color of urine is determined by
urochrome pigment from hemoglobin destruction
49
odor of urine depends on
consumption of food, drugs, etc.
50
diabetes mellitus urine smells
fruity or acetone-like
51
urine pH should be ___ and depends on ___
- 4.5-8.0
- diet
52
more solutes increase the ____ of urine
specific gravity
53
specific gravity
concentration caused by fever, limited fluid intake, kidney inflammation
54
kidney inflammation aka
pyelonephritis
55
high specific gravity can cause
kidney stone
56
kidney stones aka
renal calculi
57
what is the majority of solutes found in urine in descending order? (6) (one is a double)
- urea
- sodium
- potassium
- phosphate and sulfate ions
- creatine
- uric acid
58
what is urea in urine from
breakdown of proteins
59
what is creatine in urine from
skeletal muscles
60
what is uric acid from in urine
nucleic acid breakdown
61
abnormal components in urine indicate
abnormal filtration or disease
62
glycosuria
- glucose in urine
- indicates diabetes mellitus
63
albuminuria
- albumin in urine
- indicates damage to glomerular membrane, toxins, hypertension, pregnancy, excessive protein intake
64
damage to glomerular membrane includes
- kidney trauma
- poisons
- heavy metals
65
ketonuria
- ketone bodies in urine
- indicates low carb diet and starvation
66
bilirubinuria
- bile products in urine
- indicates liver disease like hepatitis or cirrhosis
67
pyuria
- white blood cells in urine
- indicates urinary tract infection
68
nitrites in urine indicates
bladder infection or a bacterial infection
69
hematuria
- red blood cells in urine
- indicates urinary tract irritation by kidney stones or a UTI
70
hemoglobinuria
- hemoglobin in urine
- indicates hemolytic anemia, poisonous snake bites, and renal disease
71
____ with ____ is diagnostic for diabetes mellitus
ketonuria and glycosuria
72
How does the kidney filter waste products out of our blood?
through the activity of millions of nephrons
73
how does waste get filtered in the kidneys?
blood pressure forces fluid and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries and into the bowman's capsule which influences filtration
74
what increases filtration rate in the kidneys
high blood pressure
75
osmosis
water flows from a solution that has less solutes to a solution that has more solutes
76
if you increase the osmolarity (solute concentration) of the interstitial fluid surrounding the nephron ____
you can draw out more water from the filtrate thus concentrating urine
77
glomerular capillary pressure and glomerular filtration rate can be altered if
the afferent and efferent arteriole radius is adjusted
78
decreasing the radius of the efferent arteriole causes
a decrease in both GCP and GFR
79
decreasing the efferent arteriole radius causes
increase in GCP and GFR
80
during sympathetic activation what happens?
sympathetic nerves innervating the kidneys cause decreased urine production by causing constriction of the afferent arteriole
81
why does urine output decrease with sympathetic activation?
less blood reaches the glomerulus and therefore less blood is filtered which leads to less urine produced
82
sympathetic activation not only reduced urine output but also
maintaining blood volume and pressure
83
if sympathetic activation persists for too long
waste products and excess ions will build up in blood and effect homeostasis
84
if there was an increase in blood pressure what happened to GCP and GFR?
increase
85
what does high blood pressure lead to in the kidneys?
high hydrostatic pressure may damage kidney blood vessels and reduce its ability to filter blood
86
closing of the valve of the beaker collecting urine in physio ex 9 represents
blockage of the collect duct
87
what occurs in a blockage of the collecting duct?
an increase in hydrostatic pressure in bowman's capsule and a decrease in GFR
88
during low blood pressure conditions, how can the body react?
dilating the afferent arteriole and constricting the efferent arteriole to maintain GFR and GCP
89
people with high blood pressure may be prescribed
diuretics
90
what do diuretics do for people with high blood pressure?
increase in urine production which will reduce blood plasma volume and blood pressure
91
as the solute gradient in interstitial space is increased what happens to urine?
becomes more concentrated and less in volume
92
the interstitial solute gradient dow what?
draws out water from the renal tubule
93
an increase in the interstitial solute gradient does what?
causes an increase in water reabsorption
94
urine produced by a person on diuretics is usually ____ concentrated (more or less)
less
95
how do diuretics work in the body?
either by inhibiting ADH secretion or by altering the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid
96
organisms living in arid conditions are able to do what to their urine?
concentrate their urine and lose less water in urine since interstitial fluid solute gradient is very high
97
in a non-diabetic person, why is there little to no glucose in the urine?
there are sufficient glucose carriers in the proximal convoluted tubules for reabsorption of all glucose
98
the addition of aldosterone and ADH to the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct will cause
decrease in urine output
99
the presence of just aldosterone in the proximal convoluted tubule does what?
decreases urine volume slightly but does not affect the concentration
100
the presence of just ADH in the proximal convoluted tubule does what?
urine concentration decreases significantly and increases concentration
101
ethanol consumption causes what in urine? how?
- an increase in urine production and decrease in concentration
- inhibiting ADH
102
people with hypertension may be given ____ to increase urine production
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
103
what do ACE inhibitors do to increase urine output?
inhibits the release of aldosterone and ADH
104
what does angiotensin-converting enzyme do?
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II which activates aldosterone and ADH
