Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 2 Lab > Lesson 9 > Flashcards

Lesson 9 Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system is responsible for

A

removing nitrogenous waste from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

urinary system consists of (5)

A
  • kidneys
  • urinary bladder
  • ureters
  • urethra
  • trigone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

kidneys is a

A

major homeostatic organ of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

functions of the kidneys (2)

remove and maintain what?

A
  • remove nitrogenous waste from blood stream
  • maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

urinary bladder function

A

reservoir for urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ureter function

A

transports waste fluids from kidneys to urinary bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

urethra connects

A

bladder to external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

trigone is what

A

triangular area delineated by the openings of the ureters and urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

kidneys filter blood to remove (3)

A

metabolic waste, toxins, and excess ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

kidneys regions

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_____ outer portion of the kidney. _____ inner portion of the kidney.

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

renal medulla contains

A

renal pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

renal blood flow (11)

r/s/i/a/c

A
  • descending aorta
  • renal arteries
  • segmental arteries
  • interlobar arteries
  • arcuate arteries
  • cortical radiate arteries
  • afferent arterioles
  • cortical radiate veins
  • arcuate veins
  • interlobar veins
  • renal vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what vessel is the location for blood filtration

A

afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cortical nephron

A
  • most abundant
  • found in the cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

juxtamedullary nephron

A

found in some parts of the loop of henle in the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

two major structures of the nephron

A
  • glomerulus
  • renal tubule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

glomerulus

A

capillary knot formed by the afferent arteriole where blood is filtered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

renal tubule forms the (3)

A
  • Bowman’s capsule
  • proximal and distal convoluted tubules
  • loop of Henle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bowman’s capsule surrounds

A

glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the inner viscera wall of the bowmans capsule is made of

A

podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

podocytes do what in bowman capsule

A

form porous membrane so fluid can pass through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

fluid/ions not reabsorbed from the renal tubule passes to

A

collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the collecting duct of the kidneys do

A

dumps urine into the calyces and pelvis of kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

why does fluid filtration happen in the glomerulus

A
  • afferent arteriole has high pressure/resistance and large diameter
  • efferent arteriole draining glomerulus with high resistance but small diameter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

net result of glomerulus filtering fluid

A

high hydrostatic pressure forces fluid and small proteins out of afferent arteriole/glomerulus into glomerular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is filtrate

A

fluid and small proteins that exit afferent arteriole into the glomerular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

peritubular capillary bed

A

low-pressure porous capillary network formed from efferent arteriole that leaves the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the peritubular capillary bed is close to ___ to do what?

A
  • renal tubule
  • reabsorb water and ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons also have ___ to help reabsorb fluid and ions.

A

vasa recta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus functions to

A

concentrate urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of

A
  • juxtaglomerular cells
  • macula densa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

juxtaglomerular cells (where and function)

A

in arteriole walls and sense blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

macula densa (what is and location)

A

area of specialized columnar chemoreceptors cells in distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

three processes of urine formation

A
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
  • secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

urine formation: filtration

A

passive process in glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

urine formation: reabsorption

A
  • active and passive
  • highly selective
  • filtrate components reabsorbed through tubule wall into peritubular capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what makes reabsorption passive

A

osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

75-80% of reabsorption occurs in

A

proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is reabsorbed in the kidneys during urine formation

A
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • some ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

urine formation: secretion

A

substances not filtered in glomerulus are secreted from peritubular capillaries and absorbed into tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

urinary bladder contains ___ so it can stretch

A

rugae

43
Q

micturition

A

emptying of the bladder

44
Q

micturition is controlled by

A
  • internal urethral sphincter
  • external urethral sphincter
45
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A
  • composed of smooth muscles
  • involuntary
46
Q

external urethra sphincter

A
  • composed of skeletal muscle
  • voluntary
  • located at the urogenital diaphragm
47
Q

urine color should be

A

clear/pale yellow to amber

48
Q

color of urine is determined by

A

urochrome pigment from hemoglobin destruction

49
Q

odor of urine depends on

A

consumption of food, drugs, etc.

50
Q

diabetes mellitus urine smells

A

fruity or acetone-like

51
Q

urine pH should be ___ and depends on ___

A
  • 4.5-8.0
  • diet
52
Q

more solutes increase the ____ of urine

A

specific gravity

53
Q

specific gravity

A

concentration caused by fever, limited fluid intake, kidney inflammation

54
Q

kidney inflammation aka

A

pyelonephritis

55
Q

high specific gravity can cause

A

kidney stone

56
Q

kidney stones aka

A

renal calculi

57
Q

what is the majority of solutes found in urine in descending order? (6) (one is a double)

A
  • urea
  • sodium
  • potassium
  • phosphate and sulfate ions
  • creatine
  • uric acid
58
Q

what is urea in urine from

A

breakdown of proteins

59
Q

what is creatine in urine from

A

skeletal muscles

60
Q

what is uric acid from in urine

A

nucleic acid breakdown

61
Q

abnormal components in urine indicate

A

abnormal filtration or disease

62
Q

glycosuria

A
  • glucose in urine
  • indicates diabetes mellitus
63
Q

albuminuria

A
  • albumin in urine
  • indicates damage to glomerular membrane, toxins, hypertension, pregnancy, excessive protein intake
64
Q

damage to glomerular membrane includes

A
  • kidney trauma
  • poisons
  • heavy metals
65
Q

ketonuria

A
  • ketone bodies in urine
  • indicates low carb diet and starvation
66
Q

bilirubinuria

A
  • bile products in urine
  • indicates liver disease like hepatitis or cirrhosis
67
Q

pyuria

A
  • white blood cells in urine
  • indicates urinary tract infection
68
Q

nitrites in urine indicates

A

bladder infection or a bacterial infection

69
Q

hematuria

A
  • red blood cells in urine
  • indicates urinary tract irritation by kidney stones or a UTI
70
Q

hemoglobinuria

A
  • hemoglobin in urine
  • indicates hemolytic anemia, poisonous snake bites, and renal disease
71
Q

____ with ____ is diagnostic for diabetes mellitus

A

ketonuria and glycosuria

72
Q

How does the kidney filter waste products out of our blood?

A

through the activity of millions of nephrons

73
Q

how does waste get filtered in the kidneys?

A

blood pressure forces fluid and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries and into the bowman’s capsule which influences filtration

74
Q

what increases filtration rate in the kidneys

A

high blood pressure

75
Q

osmosis

A

water flows from a solution that has less solutes to a solution that has more solutes

76
Q

if you increase the osmolarity (solute concentration) of the interstitial fluid surrounding the nephron ____

A

you can draw out more water from the filtrate thus concentrating urine

77
Q

glomerular capillary pressure and glomerular filtration rate can be altered if

A

the afferent and efferent arteriole radius is adjusted

78
Q

decreasing the radius of the efferent arteriole causes

A

a decrease in both GCP and GFR

79
Q

decreasing the efferent arteriole radius causes

A

increase in GCP and GFR

80
Q

during sympathetic activation what happens?

A

sympathetic nerves innervating the kidneys cause decreased urine production by causing constriction of the afferent arteriole

81
Q

why does urine output decrease with sympathetic activation?

A

less blood reaches the glomerulus and therefore less blood is filtered which leads to less urine produced

82
Q

sympathetic activation not only reduced urine output but also

A

maintaining blood volume and pressure

83
Q

if sympathetic activation persists for too long

A

waste products and excess ions will build up in blood and effect homeostasis

84
Q

if there was an increase in blood pressure what happened to GCP and GFR?

A

increase

85
Q

what does high blood pressure lead to in the kidneys?

A

high hydrostatic pressure may damage kidney blood vessels and reduce its ability to filter blood

86
Q

closing of the valve of the beaker collecting urine in physio ex 9 represents

A

blockage of the collect duct

87
Q

what occurs in a blockage of the collecting duct?

A

an increase in hydrostatic pressure in bowman’s capsule and a decrease in GFR

88
Q

during low blood pressure conditions, how can the body react?

A

dilating the afferent arteriole and constricting the efferent arteriole to maintain GFR and GCP

89
Q

people with high blood pressure may be prescribed

A

diuretics

90
Q

what do diuretics do for people with high blood pressure?

A

increase in urine production which will reduce blood plasma volume and blood pressure

91
Q

as the solute gradient in interstitial space is increased what happens to urine?

A

becomes more concentrated and less in volume

92
Q

the interstitial solute gradient dow what?

A

draws out water from the renal tubule

93
Q

an increase in the interstitial solute gradient does what?

A

causes an increase in water reabsorption

94
Q

urine produced by a person on diuretics is usually ____ concentrated (more or less)

A

less

95
Q

how do diuretics work in the body?

A

either by inhibiting ADH secretion or by altering the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid

96
Q

organisms living in arid conditions are able to do what to their urine?

A

concentrate their urine and lose less water in urine since interstitial fluid solute gradient is very high

97
Q

in a non-diabetic person, why is there little to no glucose in the urine?

A

there are sufficient glucose carriers in the proximal convoluted tubules for reabsorption of all glucose

98
Q

the addition of aldosterone and ADH to the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct will cause

A

decrease in urine output

99
Q

the presence of just aldosterone in the proximal convoluted tubule does what?

A

decreases urine volume slightly but does not affect the concentration

100
Q

the presence of just ADH in the proximal convoluted tubule does what?

A

urine concentration decreases significantly and increases concentration

101
Q

ethanol consumption causes what in urine? how?

A
  • an increase in urine production and decrease in concentration
  • inhibiting ADH
102
Q

people with hypertension may be given ____ to increase urine production

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

103
Q

what do ACE inhibitors do to increase urine output?

A

inhibits the release of aldosterone and ADH

104
Q

what does angiotensin-converting enzyme do?

A

converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II which activates aldosterone and ADH

A&P 2 Lab (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions