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A&P 2 Lab > Lesson 11 > Flashcards

Lesson 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what is day 0 of embryonic development (form and what is happening)

A
  • zygote
  • formed from sperm and egg nuclei fusion
  • divides without growth to form small cells called blastocytes
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2
Q

what is day 3 of embryonic development (form and what is happening)

A
  • morula
  • when zygotic division reaches 32 cells
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3
Q

what is day 4-6 in embryonic development (form and what is happening)

A
  • blastocyst
  • hollowed-out morula
  • has inner cell mass and outer trophoblast layer
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4
Q

inner cell mass of blastocyst does what?

A

forms the embryonic body

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5
Q

out trophoblast layer of blastocyst does what?

A

forms the chorion and fetal part of placenta

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6
Q

implantation of embryonic development

A

blastocyst attaches to uterine wall

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7
Q

what is day 7 of embryonic development (form and what happens)

A
  • blastocyst implants with inner cell mass facing uterine wall
  • trophoblast secretes enzyme to erode uterine mucosa to expose vascular network in submucosa
  • chorionic villi from trophoblast and uterine tissue will form placenta
  • as implanted blastocyst grows the three embryonic layers form
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8
Q

what are the three embryonic layers

A
  • amnion
  • yolk sac
  • allantois
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9
Q

amnion

A
  • encases embryo in fluid-filled chamber
  • protects against trauma, temp, and adhesion from rapid embryonic growth
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10
Q

yolk sac

A

forms embryo’s first blood cells and primordial germ cells here migrate to embryo body to form become germ cells in gonadal tissue

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11
Q

allantois

A

helps form umbilical cord

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12
Q

what is day 14 of embryonic development (form and what happens)

A
  • uterine mucosa envelops embryo
  • uterine wall beneath inner cell mass will form part of placenta
  • embryo in gastrula stage
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13
Q

decidua capsularis

A

uterine mucosa enveloping embryo

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14
Q

decidua basalis

A

uterine wall beneath inner mass

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15
Q

what is the gastrula stage of the embryo

A

three primary germ layers present and begin to differentiate for the next six weeks

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16
Q

what are the three layers that form in the gastrula stage

A
  • endoderm
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
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17
Q

endoderm

A

forms mucosa of digestive and respiratory system and their associated glands

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18
Q

ectoderm

A

forms skin and nervous system

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19
Q

mesoderm

A

forms skeleton, skeletal muscles, walls of digestive organs, urinary, and circulatory system, etc.

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20
Q

what happens in week 9 of embryonic development

A
  • embryo is referred to as a fetus
  • major focus of development at this point for fetal growth and tissue/organ specialization/growth
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21
Q

all somatic cells contain

A

46 chromosomes (diploid 2n)

22
Q

egg and sperm contain

A

23 chromosomes (haploid n)

23
Q

how are the 46 chromosomes of the somatic cells obtained

A

the fusion of egg and sperm

24
Q

gene

A

unit/area on DNA (sometimes RNA) that contains hereditary information

25
Q

alleles

A

genetic information coding for the same traits found in each pair of homologous chromosomes

26
Q

homozygous trait

A

both alleles express the same information

27
Q

heterozygous trait

A
  • one allele is dominant while the other allele is recessive
  • recessive allele is masked by the expression of dominant allele
28
Q

dominant gene

A

requires only 1 copy of the gene for expression

29
Q

recessive gene

A

requires both alleles to contain the gene for expression

30
Q

genotype

A
  • individuals genetic makeup
  • whether he/she is homo/heterozygous for various alleles
31
Q

phenotype

A

the physical appearance of the genes

32
Q

what are the four main types of inheritance

A
  • dominant/recessive inheritance
  • incomplete dominance
  • sex-linked inheritance
  • co-dominance
33
Q

dominant/recessive inheritance

A
  • mendelian genetics
  • dominant alleles are expressed
  • recessive alleles are expressed only when homozygous
  • genotype and phenotype determined via punnett square
34
Q

albinism

A

inability to produce melanin

35
Q

incomplete dominance

A

heterozygous alleles yield phenotype different than from homozygous dominant phenotype

36
Q

a person with one recessive and dominant allele for sickle cell anemia can do what?

A

can make half normal and half sickle cell RBCs

37
Q

sex-linked inheritance

A

inheritance of genes from the X (23rd) chromosome

38
Q

what is determined by sex-linked inheritance

A
  • color vision
  • blood clotting
  • baldness
39
Q

the 22 pairs of chromosomes other than the 23rd are called

A

autosomes

40
Q

if you just have X- in the 23rd chromosome what disease is presented?

A

turners syndrome

41
Q

if you have XXY in the 23rd chromosome what disease is presented?

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

42
Q

if there is -Y in the 23rd chromosome what happens?

A

the baby is miscarried

43
Q

if there is XXX or XYY in the 23rd chromosome what disease is present?

A

no disease (normal physiology)

44
Q

co-dominance

A
  • all alleles are expressed in the phenotype
  • blood type
45
Q

in blood type what alleles are dominant

A

A and B over O

46
Q

in blood type which alleles are recessive

A

O

47
Q

in blood type what alleles are codominant

A

A and B

48
Q

Rh factor is controlled by ____ and has _____ inheritance

A
  • another gene
  • dominant-recessive
49
Q

what are the steps for determining the genotype of the offspring? (5)

A
  • determine genotype of the parents
  • draw square
  • place alleles on x and y axes
  • cross parents
  • determine offspring genotype/phenotype
50
Q

masking genes can do what?

A

alter the appearance if expected phenotype from genotype

51
Q

only a ____ can ever be used reliably to assign parentage

A

genetic paternity test

A&P 2 Lab (3 decks)

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