Lesson 8. Eye-tracking

Question 1

Which sense is the dominant sense?

Answer 1

Vision

Question 2

True or false: Vision takes 80% of the information and because it is the most sensitive sensory modality, it has the smallest Weber fraction.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

True or false: the Weber fraction is about the just noticable difference (JND)

Answer 3

True

Question 4

True or false: in the Weber fraction: the bigger the fraction, the smaller the differences you can detect, the more sensitive the sensory modality is. (What is modality???)

Answer 4

False. The smaller the fraction, the smaller the difference you can detect, the more sensitive sensory modality is.

Question 5

What has the most sensitive sensory modality and what has the smallest sensitive sensory modality (weber fraction)

Answer 5

Vision (light) the biggest (1/60) Taste(salt) the smallest (1/3)

Question 6

What is the ‘‘eye-mind’’ hypothesis?

Answer 6

If we can determine what we see at any point in time, we can determine what we are thinking about.

Question 7

True or false: detailed vision is limited to the foveal part of our retina

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What does the map with the big letters and the small letters do?

Answer 8

It increase the necessary to read letters in peripheral versus central vision

Question 9

What does the eye do when you’re fixating?

Answer 9

Fixation: the eyes stand still for 200-250ms

Question 10

Eye movements take about 70-80ms. How is this called?

Answer 10

Saccade

Question 11

True or false: during eye-movement, we can still see.

Answer 11

False, during eye movements, we are blind.

Question 12

True or false: seeing is something you use your eyes for, but you do it with your brain.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

True or false: when we see with our eyes, we pick up the vision up-side down, but the brain processes it in the right way.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Why should we track the eyes?

Answer 14

Because where we look, reveals which info we are acquiring and processing. When you know scan paths, you know information processing.

Question 15

When does a scan path occurs disrupted?

Answer 15

When it is someone with dyslexia, ADHD, neglect, anxiety

Question 16

Why can eye trackment be important in teaching someone to fly a helicopter

Answer 16

Experienced pilots watch the inside of the helicopter, they keep an eye on the measurements in the heli when putting down the heli. Students watch outside the window when putting down the heli. This is the difference why students fail. With eye trackment this is made clear.

Question 17

What’s the difference in eye trackment between a low spider anxiety and high spider anxiety?

Answer 17

?

Question 18

How do we track the eyes?

Answer 18

With a wide variety of machines/technologies. For example: - Illuminate the eye with infrared light - record the reflections (camera of sensors) - Link eye position to gaze position (snap ik niet)

Question 19

What do measurements of eye trackment include?

Answer 19

− Pupil size (emotional response, mental effort) − Blinks (no information intake, dangerous!) − Fixation times (stimulus difficulty) − Fixation order (preferences, interest) − Scan paths (complex cognitive processes) − Heat maps (summarize group behavior)

Question 20

True or false: Art novices (beginnelingen) are interested by text much more than art experts.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What is the difference in reading (eye trackment) between a normal person and a person with dyslexia?

Answer 21

Melody knows. Dia 23

Question 22

True or false: when we read, we can fixate 14-15 characters to the right and only 3-4 character to the left. This is called asymmetric fixation/reading.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

If you would compete in a contest of guessing differences in pigs based on their weight. It would be easier to notice the same difference with the small pigs compared to the big pigs. Explain this in addition to the Weber fraction.

Answer 23

The Weber fraction theory is about how much difference there is necessary to recognize this. It states that a person is more likely to tell a heavier pig from a lighter one when the percentage of the difference is higher. So, if a pig weighs 1kg more than another pig, it is easier to feel this difference when the lightest pig weighs only 30km, than when the lightest pig weighs 80kg. ~

Question 24

True or false: the eye-mind hypothesis is confirmed by research.

Answer 24

False, if you could only think about what you see, than you wouldn’t be able to think with your eyes closed. Furthermore, you can usually manage to think of more than just what you see. Otherwise, humans would be very simple creatures….~

Question 25

True or false: you can use asymmetric reading/fixation to check whether a person is an experienced reader.

Answer 25

True, the better a reader the longer the fixation span to one sight. In most languages the longest fixation would be to the right, but in some languages (Hebrew/Chinese) the longest fixation is to the left. Children have a small fixation, this grows with the experience a reader has.~

Question 26

True or false: the Functional Field of View (view-span) is wider for novice drivers compared to experienced drivers.

Answer 26

False, it is the other way around. Novice drivers have a smaller span than experienced drivers.

Question 27

True or false: children with autism tend to focus more on someones eyes, whereas children without autism tend to focus more on the mouth, since that is a more reliable source to check someones emotional expressions.

Answer 27

False, it is the other way around. The eyes are a more reliable source to read ones emotions and that’s where non-autism people tend to focus on.

Question 28

Banner blindness is: A the tendency to miss the essential information on websites B the habit of narcistic people to walk into sales-signs C the tendency of old people to blindly click on all the banners that appear on the internet D the ability that (mostly young people posses) to exclude banners from the information they interpret consciously on the web

Answer 28

D Young people have this amazing ability to just ignore banners (with advertisement) on the internet. Now, this is would we call natural selection at its best!~

Question 29

What is the name for the following patern in checking results in search engines?

A reversed L pattern

B F pattern

C toptrack pattern

D 5-result pattern

Answer 29

B the F pattern

Question 30

Name a possible application for gaze guidance in an educational setting

Answer 30

• learning medical students how to read/interpret echo’s/scans

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