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Biology topic 1 > Lesson 8: Cell Specialisation > Flashcards

Lesson 8: Cell Specialisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

unspecialised stem cells become specialised cells

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2
Q

What are stem cells?

A

unspecialised cells

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3
Q

What are the two properties of stem cells?

A

self renewal and potency

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4
Q

What is self-renewal?

A

continuously divide and replicate

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5
Q

What is potency?

A

the capacity to differentiate into specialised cell types.

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6
Q

what are the four different types of stem cells?

A

totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, unipotent

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7
Q

What are totipotent stem cells?

A

Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell.

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8
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

differentiate into all body structures but cannot form whole organisms.

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9
Q

What are multipotent stem cells?

A

Differentiate into a few closely related body cells

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10
Q

What are unipotent stem cells?

A

Can only become one type of cell

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11
Q

What is an example of a totipotent stem cell?

A

Zygote

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12
Q

What is an example of a pluripotent stem cell?

A

Embryonic stem cells

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13
Q

What are some examples of multipotent cells?

A

Umbilical cord stem cells
bone marrow stem cells

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14
Q

What is an example of an unipotent stem cell?

A

liver stem cells

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15
Q

How do red blood cells increase their SA:V ratio?

A

biconcave shaped

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16
Q

How does the alveoli increase their SA:V ratio?

A

small
numerous
sphere shaped.

17
Q

How do cells become specialised?

A

Special cells release morphogens (signaling molecules).
Morphogens spread out, creating a gradient (high concentration near the source, lower further away).
Embryo cells detect morphogen levels with their receptors.
Cells react based on the amount of morphogen they detect.

18
Q

How does the intestinal microvilli increase their SA:V ratio?

A

numerous microvilli
folds on the surface of epithelial cells
microvilli projections

19
Q

how are squamous type 1 pneumyocytes specialized?

A

one cell thick

20
Q

how are the cardiac muscles specialized?

A

branched shape for contractions to spread quickly
many mitochondria and nuclei.

21
Q

how are the skeletal muscles specialized?

A

multi-nucleated, many mitochondrias

22
Q

how are sperm cells specialized for their role?

A

many mitochondria
flagella
enzymes to enter the egg cell.

23
Q

how are egg cells specialized?

A

Follicle cells which nourish and protect the ova
zona pellucida, that hardens to prevent polyspermy
nutrient rich cytoplasm.

24
Q

What is the function of the type 1 pneumocyte?

A

gas exchange

25
Q

What is the function of the type 2 pneumocyte?

A

produces surfactant

Biology topic 1 (8 decks)

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