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Biology topic 1 > Lesson 3: Cell Structure > Flashcards

Lesson 3: Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is magnification?

A

ratio of image size to object size

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2
Q

What is resolution?

A

the ability to distinguish between objects that are close together.

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3
Q

What are some features of the optical microscope?

A

lower magnification (x2000) and resolution.
Less expensive
preparation of specimen is simple
specimen can be dead or alive.

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4
Q

What are some features of electron microscopes?

A

higher magnification (x500,000) and resolution.
more expensive
preparation of specimen is complex.
specimen must be dead.

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5
Q

Magnification equation

A

Magnification = image size / actual size

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6
Q

Structures common to all cells

A

Genetic material
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Ribosomes

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7
Q

What are some features of prokaryotes?

A

Simpler and smaller
no membrane-bound organelles
Nucleoid Region
70s ribosomes
Cell wall made of peptidoglycan (murein).
Flagella does not have a 9+2 arrangement.
Capsule

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8
Q

Nucleoid region

A

Consists of a singular supercoiled chromosome and small loops of DNA called plasmids.
plasmids contain genes that can be passed between prokaryotes.

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9
Q

Why is compartmentalization important in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • damaging substances kept separate
  • optimal conditions for certain processes
  • # + location of organelles can be altered
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10
Q

Plant cells vs. Animal cells

A

Plant cells have a large and permanent vacuole, cell wall and chloroplast.
Animal cells have lysosomes and centrosomes.

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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

creates ribosomes to go and latch onto the rough ER.

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12
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

has nuclear pores to let relatively large molecules to pass through.

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13
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis.

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15
Q

Free ribosomes

A

makes proteins for the cell.

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16
Q

Bounded ribosomes

A

makes proteins that will be secreted (released) from the cell.

17
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies and packages proteins from the rough ER into secretory vesicles to be secreted out of the cell.

18
Q

Lysosomes

A

contains powerful hydrolytic digestive enzymes used to break down material.

19
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

proteins produced by the bound ribosomes move into the lumen (space) to be packaged into vesicles that go to the golgi apparatus.

20
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lipid synthesis, detoxification and storage of calcium ions in cell.

21
Q

Cytoskeleton (centrioles)

A

provide mechanical strength to cells and enables cell movement.

22
Q

Vacuole

A

uptake of water for rigidity of plant cell and stores nutrition.

23
Q

Chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis.

24
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Large prokaryotic cells engulfed smaller ones.
Some engulfed cells could use oxygen to make energy (became mitochondria).
Others could use sunlight to make energy (became chloroplasts).

25
Q

What are some evidence for endosymbiosis?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, separate from the nucleus.
Their sizes are similar to bacteria.
Binary fission is similar to bacteria.
Contain 70s ribosomes which are only present in bacteria cells.

26
Q

What are the walls of plant cells made of?

A

cellulose

27
Q

What do plant cells store carbs as?

A

starch

28
Q

what is the shape of plant cells?

A

Rigid and fixed in shape

29
Q

what are fungi cell walls made of?

A

chitin

30
Q

what do fungal cells store carbs as?

A

glycogen

31
Q

Which ones do fungal cells have (flagella, cilia, basal bodies)?

A

has cilia, flagella but no basal bodies

32
Q

Which ones do animal cells have (flagella, cilia, basal bodies)?

A

all

33
Q

Which ones do plant cells have (flagella, cilia, basal bodies)?

A

none

34
Q

What are some evidences for LUCA in general?

A

All cells share the same genetic code.
All cells use DNA and RNA as their genetic information.
All living organisms have similar transport mechanisms in and out of the cell.

35
Q

Why is a large SA:V ratio important?

A

increased rate of exchange (waste + opposite of waste)in cells

Biology topic 1 (8 decks)

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