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Animal Welfare & Behavior > Lesson 8 & 9 - Equine Behavior & Welfare > Flashcards

Lesson 8 & 9 - Equine Behavior & Welfare Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 basic needs of a horse?

Hint: “the 6 F’s” - some do not start with F and only have an F somewhere in the word

A

Forage, freedom, friends, safety, comfort, fun

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2
Q

How do free-roaming domestic horses spend most of their time budget in comparison to stalled horses?

A

Free-roam: 60% eating
(20% standing, 10% lying down, 10% other)

Stalled: 65% standing
(15% eating, 15% lying down, 5% other)

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3
Q

Give some reasons why socializing/interaction is important amongst horses

A
  • Social groups = anti-predation/safety
  • Pair bonding is very common and normal for them
  • Horses tend to show more aggression when housed alone
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4
Q

What do horses need, in terms of their environment?

A
  • Variation (more than stall walls)
  • Soft/comfortable resting areas
  • Good ventilation
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5
Q

True or False: Horses can thrive with performing the same tasks and exercise day after day with no variation

A

False; horses NEED variety and mental stimulation as much as they need exercise - ability to perform slow, unrestricted movement as well as having variation in day to day training/schedule are very important

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6
Q

What are some consequences of a horse becoming bored with their routine?

A

Irritability, malaise, fatigue, reduced interest in training, poor performance, reduced body weight, immune suppression

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7
Q

What are some common maintenance behaviors in horses?

A

Stretching, grooming (self), allogrooming, rolling, rubbing, scratching, licking/nibbling coat

Extra note: grooming in withers area reduces HR

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8
Q

What facial cues indicate that a horse is in pain?

A

Ears tilted back/rotated outward, tension in muscles above/around eyes, flared nostrils, tension in muzzle, head tilted downward

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9
Q

True or False: Horses have poor long-term memory and do not recognize commonly seen humans or show preference for individuals

A

False; horses have an average long term memory of 22 months, recognize familiar humans, and show preference for individuals

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10
Q

What are some common calming and stress signals in horses?

A
  • Lateral movement away from threat
  • Seeking distraction (sniffing, staring into space)
  • Yawning
  • Empty chewing
  • Lowering head
  • Snapping or clapping
  • Lateral ears
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11
Q

How do horses typically prefer to handle conflict?

A

Fleeing

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12
Q

What are common conflict behaviors exhibited by horses unable to flee in response to fear (due to conflict between horse’s interests and rider’s actions)?

A

Bolting, rushing, napping, shying, bucking, rearing, head tossing, “reefing reins”, defecation

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13
Q

What benefit does the “lip twitch” have when done for 5 minutes or less?

A

HR decreases, salivary cortisol decreases

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14
Q

What can happen if a “lip twitch” is performed for longer than 5 to 10 minutes?

A

HR doubles, pain and stress (opposite of response for first 5 minutes)

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15
Q

Why is the “ear twitch” generally not recommended for horses?

A
  • HR and salivary cortisol increase (stress)
  • Subdued by fear alone, not analgesia
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16
Q

If all three options are available for subduing a horse, which is preferred: lip twitch, ear twitch, or chemical restraint?

A

Chemical restraint

17
Q

What are some general herd structures for horses?

A
  • Harem groups of 3 - 12 with a mature stallion, offspring leave the group at 2 - 4 years old
  • Small bachelor groups of 2 - 5 year old stallions
  • Solitary individuals
18
Q

What is imprint learning and what is the significance?

A

Learning to recognize mother and own species in first week of life; need to be able to follow mother, also vital to social bx and reproduction later on

19
Q

What are some ways to keep a solitary horse from developing problematic behavior associated w/ isolation?

A
  • Aluminum mirror in stall
  • Borrow or rent space to another horse
  • Provide another animal to be w/ horse
20
Q

What are some effects of separation stress in stallions?

A
  • fence/stall walking (pace increases w/ stress)
  • weaving
  • abnormal sexual behavior
21
Q

What factor has a direct influence on weaning age for foals?

A

Nutritional state of the mare (weaning age tends to be earlier for mares in managed herds than in feral horses)

22
Q

True or False: Adult horses spend the majority of their time grazing

A

True; duration can vary though by season, time of days, and sex, plus they are selective grazers

23
Q

What are some problem behaviors in horses associated with eating?

A

Obesity and psychogenic polydipsia (excess thirst) - often related to boredom

24
Q

Name some signs of aggression in horses

A

Ears flat against neck, tense upper lip, teeth bared, rearing or striking with front feet, kick with one or both hind feet, lashing tail

25
Q

Name some signs of fear in horses

A

Sclera shows, contraction in muscles above eyes, head goes up, rearing, tail in “S” shape, tail held tight against rump

26
Q

True or False: Horses spend 18 - 19 hours fully awake and less than 1 hour in REM sleep

A

True

27
Q

True or False: Horses tend to sleep in short sessions throughout the day

A

True

28
Q

List some typical boredom behaviors in horses

A

Wood chewing, cribbing, tongue play, head shaking, pawing, stall walking/kicking

29
Q

Name some common grooming behaviors in horses

A
  • Allogrooming (bonding, reaching difficult areas)
  • Playing in water (control insects, cooling)
30
Q

What are some problems related to grooming behavior in horses?

A

Excessive grooming (often self-mutilation due to discomfort, boredom, anxiety)

31
Q

When given the option, which do horses prefer: rest or exercise?

A

Resting in the stall (9 of 10 horses)

32
Q

When given the option, which do horses prefer: lights on or off for a longer period of time?

A

Lights on (for max of 18 hours per day)

33
Q

When given the option, which do horses prefer: viewing or not viewing other horses?

A

Viewing other horses (52%)

34
Q

When given the option, which do horses prefer: shavings, straw, or concrete for bedding?

A

Shavings (55% over straw, and 65% over concrete)

35
Q

When tested, what two things are horses willing to work the hardest for when restricted?

A

Food and cribbing location

36
Q

What are the primary welfare issues for competition horses?

A
  • Abusive training techniques (weighted shoes, long feet, blistering)
  • Abusive training equipment (severe bits, sharp spurs, whips, tiedowns)
  • Doping
  • Pressure for perfection
  • Genetic issues
  • Trailering
37
Q

What are the primary welfare issues for recreation horses?

A
  • Gymkhana speed events
  • General riding
38
Q

What are the primary welfare issues for unwanted horses (specifically regarding available options)?

A
  • Unregulated shipping to Mexico or Canada for slaughter
  • Lack of funding/capacity at rescue/retirement/adoption facilities
  • Expensive euthanasia and body disposal
  • Environmental pollution

Animal Welfare & Behavior (7 decks)

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