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Animal Welfare & Behavior > Lesson 4 - Behavior And Learning > Flashcards

Lesson 4 - Behavior And Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Term that encompasses the following:
-Theory of mind
-Conscious thought and action
-Mind/brain duality
-Meta-rationality

A

Cognition

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2
Q

A change in the brain that results in behavior being modified for longer than a few seconds

A

Learning

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3
Q

Animal learns relationship between 2 things

A

Associative learning

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4
Q

Animal learns to react to an event or stimulus without reinforcers

A

Non-associative learning

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5
Q

What are the two types of associative learning?

A

Classical conditioning & operant conditioning

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6
Q

What are the two types of non-associative learning?

A

Habituation & sensitization

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7
Q

When animals learn to associate something that normally would not have had an effect with something that normally would be meaningful, we call this…

A

Classical conditioning

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8
Q

What is an example of an unconditioned stimulus paired with an unconditioned response?

A

A dog salivating (UR) when it sees delicious food (US) is considered a normal association

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9
Q

What is an example of a conditioned stimulus producing a conditioned response?

A

Ringing a bell (CS) causes salivation (CR).

Explanation: Ringing a bell was initially a neutral stimulus, but if the bell rings initially when food is offered, the dog will start to associate the bell with food. Thus, the bell ringing, even in the absence of food, starts to cause salivation (turning an UR into a CR)

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10
Q

Classical conditioning was discovered by…

A

Ivan Pavlov

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11
Q

Term meaning that “two events must be closely paired in time”

A

Contiguity

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12
Q

Term meaning “one event must always predict the other”

A

Contingency

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13
Q

Term meaning “it must be something the animal perceives as important”

A

Saliency

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14
Q

Trial and error learning; learning through association of behavior with the immediate consequences of the behavior (reward/outcome)

A

Operant conditioning

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15
Q

Behavior analysis was developed in the 20th century by…

A

B.F. Skinner

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16
Q

Behaviors that are __________ are more likely to recur, while behaviors that are __________ are less likely to recur (in similar situations)

A

Rewarded/reinforced; punished

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17
Q

True or False: Efficacy of reinforcement and/or punishment on behavior is dependent on long term effects rather than immediate effects.

A

True

18
Q

Adding something wanted to increase desired behavior (i.e. rewarding a dog in times it is not jumping on you/being calm)

A

Positive reinforcement

19
Q

Removing something aversive to increase desired behavior (i.e. if initially pushing as a response - no longer pushing a dog down while it is jumping on you

A

Negative reinforcement

20
Q

Adding something aversive to decrease undesired behavior (i.e. pushing a dog away when they are jumping on you)

A

Positive punishment

21
Q

Removing something wanted to decrease undesired behavior (i.e. not giving attention to a dog that is jumping on you)

A

Negative punishment

22
Q

Non-stop learning with positive reinforcement; important when initially learning a behavior but can be detrimental in the long term

A

Continuous reinforcement

23
Q

When positive reinforcement is given inappropriately or at the wrong times, causing undesirable behaviors to be reinforced, we call this…

A

Non-contingent reinforcement

24
Q

The process of gradually dropping rewards for the worst of acceptable responses, but frequent enough and with enough intensity to still encourage the animal to learn the behavior

A

Intermittent (Differential) reinforcement

25
Q

When behavior is reinforced on a fraction of occasions, we call this…

A

Variable ratio

26
Q

When behavior is performed for differing lengths of time before reward, we call this…

A

Variable duration

27
Q

What are the benefits of using clickers for training?

A

The clicker is a marker (an instantaneous signal), and it can bridge the gap between identifying to the animal that they performed a specific desired behavior correctly (at the moment it occurs) and supplying a reward for said behavior

28
Q

True or False: Clicker training utilizes both classical and operant conditioning

A

True; initially classical conditioning (clicker as a neutral stimulus marks something positive for the animal) and changes to operant conditioning when the animal intentionally repeats an action in order to earn a reward

29
Q

Building a new behavior by selectively reinforcing variations in existing behavior during action (not after completion)

A

Shaping

30
Q

Hands-off method of guiding an animal through a behavior (i.e. using food to guide a dog into “down” from “sit”)

A

Luring

31
Q

Learning not to respond to a stimulus that triggers an instinctive response; Reduction of a psychological (behavioral) response when a specific stimulus occurs repeatedly

A

Habituation

32
Q

Increasing responsiveness to a repeated stimulus; tends to be caused by more intense or aversive stimuli, especially if stimuli repeats when an animal is still physiologically aroused from the initial exposure

A

Sensitization

33
Q

Sensitization vs habituation depends on three things…

A

-Form of stimulus
-Intensity of stimulus
-Timing between repeat presentations

34
Q

Provides a means of safely exposing a pet to a stimulus at or below the predicted fear threshold; involves slow, gradual exposure and positive reinforcement

A

Desensitization

35
Q

This is used to change a pet’s attitude or emotional response to a stimulus…

A

Counter-conditioning

36
Q

A technique in which the pet is taught, using reinforcement-based techniques, to replace the undesirable behavior with a desirable one

A

Response substitution

37
Q

When an animal is given prolonged exposure to a stimulus that is fear or aggression evoking with the inability to leave the situation until no longer reactive; extremely stressful and often worsens fear

A

Flooding

38
Q

A founder of modern ethology and animal behavior study (along with Tinbergen); discovered imprinting behavior

A

Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989)

39
Q

Rapid and relatively stable learning and bond between a newborn and caregiver (or object) in very early life; Involves attachment to object or living being that can be generalized to all objects in that class and that will later evoke behavior patterns in the adult

A

Imprinting

40
Q

Animals that are developed at birth/hatching and are mobile and can stand/follow their mother

A

Precocial species

Animal Welfare & Behavior (7 decks)

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