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Anatomy and Physiology for Sleep > Lesson 7- A&P > Flashcards

Lesson 7- A&P Flashcards

1
Q

The heart is located in the mediastinum, which is where?

A

The cavity between the lungs

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2
Q

What is the heart composed of?

A

muscle fibers and nerves

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3
Q

The heart is surrounded by the pericardium, which is what?

A

a sac characterized by two layers- the outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium

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4
Q

The outer fibrous pericardium does what?

A

anchors the heart to the surrounding structures

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5
Q

inner serous pericardium consists of what?

A

consists of an outer parietal layer and an inner visceral layer

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6
Q

where and what is pericardial fluid?

A

A thick layer of serous fluid, located between the parietal and inner visceral layers to provide a slippery surface for the movements of the heart

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7
Q

The wall of the heart consists of what three layers?

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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8
Q

(the outer layer of the walls of the heart) The visceral layer of the serous pericardium

A

epicardium

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9
Q

muscular part of the heart that consists of contracting cardiac muscle and non contracting Pukinje fibers that conduct nerve impulses

A

myocardium

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10
Q

thin, smooth, endothelial, inner layer of the heart-continuous with the inner lining of the blood vessels

A

endocardium

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11
Q

The heart consists of these 4 chambers

A

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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12
Q

acts as a temporary storage chamber so that blood will be readily available for the right ventricle.

A

right atrium

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13
Q

pumping chamber for the pulmonary circulation

A

Right ventricle

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14
Q

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, and like the right atrium, is a holding chamber for blood in readiness for it’s flow into the left ventricle.

A

left atrium

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15
Q

pumping chamber for systemic circulation

A

left ventricle

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16
Q

Action potentials (electrical impulses) in the heart originate in specialized cardiac muscle cells called ?

A

autorhythmic cells

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17
Q

What are autorhythmic cells?

A

self excitable, able to generate an action potential without an external stimulation by nerve cells.

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18
Q

These cells serve as a pacemaker to initiate the cardiac cycle and provide a conduction system to coordinate the contraction of muscle cells

A

autorhythmic cells

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19
Q

Blood enters the heart from two vessels known as

A

superior and inferior vena cava

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20
Q

All vessels bringing blood to the heart are called

A

veins

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21
Q

All vessels carrying blood away from the heart are called

A

arteries

22
Q

Blood from the vena cavas empties into

A

the right atrium

23
Q

In the top right corner of the right atrium is a nerve bundle known as the

A

sino-atrial node, (SA NODE)

24
Q

This nerve bundle normally paces the heartbeat

A

SA node

25
Q

At the bottom left of the right atrium is another nerve bundle known as

A

atrioventricular node (AV node)

26
Q

This receives and transmits the paced signals generated by the SA node

A

AV node

27
Q

A slight delay of the electrical transmission of AV node and SA node occurs allowing for what

A

the atria to fully contract before the action potential is passed on.

28
Q

The AV bundle (bundle of His) receives the action potential from the AV node and transmits the impulse to the ventricles by the way of the what

A

right and left bundle branches

29
Q

Except for the AV bundle, which provides the only electrical connection, the atria are

A

electrically insulated from the ventricles.

30
Q

When the electrical signal generated by the SA node arrives at the AV node, it is delayed for approximately 0.1 second, and then rapidly conducted along the left and right bundle branches to a nerve network called the

A

Purkinje fibers (large-diameter fibers that conduct the action potential).

31
Q

Once blood has passed through the lungs (to engage in gas exchange), it returns to the heart through the

A

pulmonary veins.

32
Q

The pulmonary veins empty into the

A

left atrium

33
Q

As the left atrium contracts, the blood is forced through the

A

bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.

34
Q

The pulmonary veins empty into the

A

left atrium

35
Q

As the left atrium contracts, the blood is forced through

A

the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.

36
Q

The left ventricle subsequently contracts (from the signal traveling through the left bundle branch), forcing the blood through the

A

aortic valve into the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body.

37
Q

The aorta then disseminates the blood throughout

A

the body

38
Q

all blood that travels through the right side of the heart is .

A

deoxygenated

39
Q

all blood that travels through the left side of the heart is

A

oxygenated

40
Q

Electrical currents generated by the heart during the cardiac cycle can be detected on the surface of the body by the

A

electrodes of an electrocardiograph.

41
Q

A recording of these currents, called an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), represents a sum of all the concurrent action potentials produced by the heart as detected by

A

the 12 electrodes of the electrocardiograph.

42
Q

In polysomnography, a what electrode EKG is typical for diagnostic testing?

A

3 electrode

43
Q

A single cardiac cycle produces a distinctive wave pattern, where peaks and valleys are indicated by

A

the letters PQRST

44
Q

The what wave is a small wave that represents the depolarization of the atria. During this wave, the muscles of the atria are contracting.

A

P wave

45
Q

The QRS complex is a rapid

A

down-up-down movement

46
Q

The QRS complex represents

A

depolarization of the ventricles.

47
Q

The upward movement produces a tall peak, indicated by

A

R

48
Q

The T wave represents the

A

repolarization of the ventricles

49
Q

Electrical activity generated by the repolarization of the atria is concealed by

A

the QRS complex.

50
Q

The SA node normally “fires” between

A

60-100 times each minute

51
Q

As the signal crosses the cardiac tissues, it can be recorded by

A

the EKG

Anatomy and Physiology for Sleep (5 decks)

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