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Anatomy and Physiology for Sleep > Lesson 4- Nerves > Flashcards

Lesson 4- Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional cellular unit of the human nervous system?

A

Neuron

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2
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A cell that transmits nerve impulses

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3
Q

What do neurons or nerve cells contain?

A

A nucleus and a cell body or soma

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4
Q

What does the soma contain?

A

Nucleus and other cell organelles

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5
Q

How does the cell body receive impulses?

A

Dendrites

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6
Q

What are Dendrites?

A

afferent fibers-The dendrite is typically a short, abundantly branched, slender process (extension) of the cell body that receives stimuli.

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7
Q

How does the soma send out impulses?

A

via its axon (efferent fibers)

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8
Q

What is an axon?

A

The axon is typically a long, slender process of the cell body that sends nerve impulses.

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9
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The synapse or synaptic cleft is a gap that separates the neuron from a muscle cell or another neuron.

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10
Q

How do nerve impulses travel?

A

From axon to dendrite, by way of a synapse.

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11
Q

What is the chemical that transmits impulses from one nerve to another?

A

acetylcholine.

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12
Q

What is myelin?

A

A fatty sheath that covers many neurons

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13
Q

What is resting potential?

A

The resting potential describes the unstimulated, polarized state of a neuron (@ -70 millivolts).

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14
Q

What is graded potential?

A

a change in the resting potential of the plasma membrane in the response to a stimulus.

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15
Q

What can cause a graded potential?

A

Stimuli that could cause a graded potential include heat, light, and neurotransmitters. A graded potential is a local event that does not travel far from its origin.

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16
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Capable of traveling long distances.If the stimulus is strong enough to exceed the threshold then complete depolarization will occur (from -70 to about +30 millivolts). When the stimulus fails to produce depolarization that exceeds the threshold value no action potential will occur.

17
Q

What depolarizes the membrane?

A

Action potential (electrical impulse) - which makes it permeable to Calcium ions CA++

18
Q

Ions involved in nerve impulse conduction along the length of nerve fibers

A

Na+ and K+

19
Q

Period after a response during which the cell becomes repolarized

A

Refractory period

20
Q

What is the synaptic vesicle for?

A

to release a transmitter substance, which crosses the synaptic cleft, and is collected by the receptor molecules on the postsynaptic cell.

Vesicles are essential for propagating nerve impulses between neurons and are constantly recreated by the cell

21
Q

What is inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?

A

The change in membrane potential where If the transmitter substance is inhibitory, it increases the permeability of the postsynaptic cell to potassium ions (K+) and/or chloride ions (CL-), thus stabilizing the membrane potential.

22
Q

What is excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

A

The process of depolarization in which the transmitter substance is excitatory. It increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to Na+ and K+. The influx of sodium into the cell depolarizes (becomes more positive) the cell further.

23
Q

What does depolarization mean?

A

making it less negative

24
Q

What is a local potential?

A

EPSP and IPSP

25
Q

What is needed to set up an action potential?

A

EPSP

26
Q

Transmission of an impulse across a synapse, from presynaptic cell to postsynaptic cell may be in what two forms?

A

electrical or chemical

27
Q

What happens during an electrical synapse?

A

the action potential travels along the membranes of gap junctions, small tubes of cytoplasm, that allow the transfer of ions between adjacent cells.

28
Q

What happens during a chemical synapse?

A

The diffusion of chemicals (neurotransmitters) cause an action potential to be transferred across the synapse

29
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

chemical substances made by the neuron specifically to transmit a message.

30
Q

Common neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA).

31
Q

is commonly secreted at neuromuscular junctions, the gaps between motor neurons and muscle cells, where it stimulates muscles to contract by opening positive ion channels. At other kinds of junctions, it typically produces an IPSP.

A

Acetylcholine

32
Q

are derived from amino acids and are secreted mostly between neurons of the central nervous system (CNS).

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

33
Q

usually an inhibitory neurotransmitter (opening gated Cl- channels) among neurons in the brain.

A

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Anatomy and Physiology for Sleep (5 decks)

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