Lesson 7

Question 1

Where did Muhammad live?

Answer 1

Muhammad lived in Mecca, a trading post in Arabia.

Question 2

What significant event happened to Muhammad in 610?

Answer 2

In 610, Muhammad claimed an angel had entrusted him with words from Allah, the one true God.

Question 3

What are the followers of Muhammad called?

Answer 3

Followers of Muhammad became known as ‘Muslims’ from the Arabic ‘Islam’ (‘submission’).

Question 4

What is the Qur’an?

Answer 4

The words that Muhammad claimed to have received from the angel Gabriel were eventually recorded in the Qur’an (‘recitation’).

Question 5

What do Muslims believe about Muhammad’s journey?

Answer 5

Muslims believe that Muhammad journeyed into the heavens from the Dome of the Rock.

Question 6

What territories did Muslims conquer after Muhammad’s death?

Answer 6

After Muhammad’s death, Muslims conquered Arabia, North Africa, the Holy Land, and Spain.

Question 7

Who stopped the Muslim advance at the Battle of Tours?

Answer 7

In A. D. 732, Charles Martel stopped their advance at the Battle of Tours.

Question 8

What was the Muslim stance on idols?

Answer 8

Muslims rejected all idols and pointed out that many Christians seemed to worship icons of Jesus.

Question 9

What event in 725 caused concern about icon-worship?

Answer 9

In 725, a volcano rocked Constantinople; the eastern emperor wondered if this was a punishment for icon-worship.

Question 10

What conflict arose regarding icons?

Answer 10

Conflict quickly erupted between ‘iconodules’ (‘icon kissers’) and ‘iconoclasts’ (‘icons mashers’).

Question 11

Which side did the emperor initially support in the icon conflict?

Answer 11

At first, the emperor sided with the iconoclasts.

Question 12

What did iconoclasts claim about iconodules?

Answer 12

Iconoclasts claimed that iconodules were idolizing their icons.

Question 13

What was decided at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787?

Answer 13

In 787, the Second Council of Nicaea allowed reverence of icons but clearly forbade worship of icons.

Question 14

• The Franks had conquered much of the former
western Empire.
• In 496, Clovis, chief of the Franks, accepted the Nicene
Creed and supported the Roman church.

Answer 14

> Baptism of Clovis. Franks Become the Top Dogs

Question 15

• Charles became king of the Franks in 768; he strongly
supported the Roman Catholic Church.
• King Charles later became known as “Charlemagne” or
“Charles the Great.”
>Charles in Charge
• In 799, power-hungry Italian nobles accused Pope Leo
III of embezzlement.
• Leo III fled to King Charles; on December 23, 800,
Charles acquitted the pope of all charges.

Answer 15

> Charles in Charge

Question 16

• On Christmas Day, 800, Pope Leo III dubbed
Charles “Holy Roman Emperor,” in continuity with the
rulers of ancient Rome.
• The church had created an emperor.

Answer 16

> Charlemagne

Question 17

• For many years, Christians in the eastern and western
regions viewed themselves as members of one Church,
despite disagreements.

Answer 17

> The Church Does the Splits

Question 18

• Between the 9th and 13th centuries, however, the
Church splits into two communions:

Answer 18

• Roman Catholic
• Eastern Orthodox

Question 19

• There were three primary reasons for the split
between Roman Catholicism (west) and Eastern
Orthodoxy:

Answer 19

1. The Filioque Controversy
2. The Great Schism of 1054
3. The Fourth Crusade

Question 20

• Churches in Western Europe had added the word
filioque (“and the Son”) to the Nicene Creed in the AD
500s.

Answer 20

> The Filioque Controversy

Question 21

Which Christians recited, “The Holy Spirit … proceeds
from the Father.”

Answer 21

Eastern Christians

Question 22

Which Christians recited, “The Holy Spirit … proceeds from the Father and the Son.”

Answer 22

Western Christians

Question 23

• Photius, bishop of Constantinople, spoke out against the added phrase in 867.
• Photius declared the phrase to be heretical and excommunicated Pope Nicholas, bishop of Rome.

Answer 23

The Filioque Controversy

Question 24

– Cathedral of Sophia

Answer 24

> Church of Holy Wisdom

Question 25

• On July 16, 1054, Bishop Humbert of Rome placed a notice of excommunication on the Lord’s Supper Table of the Church of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople. • Humbert’s notice accused Eastern Christians of adding filioque to the Nicene Creed—the precise opposite of the truth!

Answer 25

The Great Schism of 1054

Question 26

• In 1095, Pope Urban II called for a crusade to take Jerusalem from the “Turks and Arabs.” • The pope promised anyone who participated in the Crusade the “equivalent of penance.”

Answer 26

>The Crusades

Question 27

Conquered Jerusalem, brutally slaughtering Jews and Muslims.

Answer 27

• The First Crusade (July 15, 1099)

Question 28

Failed to take Edessa from the Muslims; afterward, Jerusalem fell into Muslim hands again.

Answer 28

• The Second Crusade (1147–1149)

Question 29

Also failed to retake Jerusalem.

Answer 29

• The Third Crusade (1189–1192)

Question 30

Never reached the Holy Land and became entangled in a series of financial and political issues which brought the Crusaders to Constantinople. On Good Friday, 1204, the western Crusaders broke through the walls of Constantinople. For three days, the Crusaders killed, tortured, and raped eastern Christians in the name of Christ.

Answer 30

• The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204)

Question 31

The relationships between eastern and western Christians

Answer 31

Never recovered from those three days.

Question 32

Who declared, “How can we not share, even at a distance of eight centuries, the pain and disgust? The fact that the Crusaders were Latin Christians fills Catholics with deep regret.”

Answer 32

In 2004, Pope John Paul II