Lesson 6-What was China's international position and regional issues in the early stages of the CCP? Flashcards
1
Q
Define the term ‘Congress’ (in this lesson).
A
The US parliament.
2
Q
What is the UN security Council?
A
A United Nations body
3
Q
What were the UN Security Council set up to do?
A
Resolve international disputes and maintain peace.
4
Q
At this time, who were the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council?
A
Britain
France
Nationalist China
USSR
USA
5
Q
What is the State Department?
A
US body responsible for foreign policy.
6
Q
Between what years did Kim Il-Sung live?
A
1912-1994
7
Q
Who was Kim Il-Sung?
A
A Communist revolutionary who held power as autocratic leader in North Korea from 1948 to 1994.
8
Q
Between what years did Syngman Rhee live?
A
1875-1965
9
Q
Who was Syngman Rhee?
A
US backed, anti-Communist president of South Korea from 1948 to 1960.
10
Q
Define ‘Fait accompli’.
A
Something done in such a way it cannot be changed.
11
Q
What was the Panmunjong Truce?
A
The agreement ending the Korean War.
12
Q
How much of an effect did the Panmunjong Truce have?
A
It decided little since the two sides simply agreed to recognise the division of Korea at the 38th parallel.
13
Q
Define ‘Sino-centric’.
A
Having Chinese interests at the centre of things with all other considerations secondary.
14
Q
Who is Nikita Krushchev?
A
Emerged from the power struggle that followed Stalin’s death to become the Soviet leader between 1956 and 1964.
15
Q
What is Yugoslavia?
A
It was the one Communist country in Eastern Europe.
16
Q
What was Yugoslavia able to successfully resist?
A
All efforts by the USSR to control it.
17
Q
Who was the leader of Yugoslavia when it managed to resist the USSR controlling it?
A
Marshall Tito
18
Q
What did the term ‘Loss of China’ mean?
A
The US State Department’s term for US failure to prevent the victory of Mao’s Communists in China in 1949.
19
Q
Define espionage.
A
the practice of spying or of using spies, typically by governments to obtain political and military information.
20
Q
Who were the CIA?
A
Central Intelligence Agency.
The USA’s espionage and counter-espionage organisation.
21
Q
What were the Reunification Campaigns?
A
B. in theory the purifying of the party by removing corrupt elements in practice, a method for silencing opponents and critics.
22
Q
When was Korea freed from the control of Japan?
A
1945
23
Q
After Korea was divided, who was the North and South controlled by?
A
North controlled by Russia
South controlled by America
24
Q
What is the 38th parallel?
A
The line which divided Korea into North and South Korea.
25
Who was North Korea run by?
Kim Il-Sung
26
Who was South Korea run by?
Syngman Rhee
27
What was the exact date that North Korea attacked South Korea?
25th June 1950
28
How much nations was the US army made up of which invaded South Korea in order to help them against the North Koreans?
16
29
Why was the UN army helping South Korea a threat to Mao?
After South Korea captured he capital of North Korea, Pyongyang, he did not want a pro-American Korea on his border.
30
Who was Korea freed from the control of in 1945?
Control of Japan
31
Who occupied the North and South following the division of Korea?
North controlled by Soviet Russia.
South controlled by American forces
32
When was Korea divided in half at the 38th parallel?
1948
33
Who ruled the Communist North of Korea?
Kim Il-Sung
34
Why was North Koreans attacking South Korea a problem for President Truman and the United States?
They wanted to contain the spread of Communism by preventing a domino effect (spread of Communism to more countries).
35
What army invaded Korea?
North Korean People's Army
36
How many soldiers in the North Korean People's Army invaded South Korea?
75,000
37
Where the North Korean People's Army successful in defeating the South Korean army?
Yes
38
What did the North Korean People's Army occupy in South Korea?
The capital, Seoul.
39
Which army was sent to help South Korea?
UN army made up of 16 nations.
40
How did the American led troops help South Korea?
They entered South Korea and pushed back North Korean troops on retreat.
They recaptured South Korea.
UN troops moved to North Korea and captured Pyongyang.
41
Why was it bad for Mao that Pyongyang was captured by the UN army?
The capital city was the border of Communist China.
42
How much troops did China send to North Korea to aid them?
250,000
43
Between what years had Japan occupied Korea?
1910-45
44
In 1948, when Japan was defeated, what happened to Korea?
It was partitioned along the 38th paralle;.
45
Which countries protected/controlled the north and south?
North=protected by USSR
South=protected by US
46
In 1950, with what aim did North Koreans cross the parallel?
Imposing Communism on the peninsula.
47
Define peninsula.
a piece of land almost surrounded by water or projecting out into a body of water.
48
With whose support did the North Koreans cross the parallel, in 1950?
Soviet
49
Where did America believe the idea to cross the parallel to impose Communism on the peninsula came from?
They believed it was brought on by China and encouraged by Stalin.
50
Between what years was The Korean War?
1950-53
51
What was Mao determined to not let the CCP victory be during the PRC's reunification campaigns?
An opportunity for regional (geographical) independence
52
What areas were the reunification campaigns aiming towards?
Tibet
Xinjiang
Guangdong
Taiwan
53
When was the PLA army sent into Tibet?
1950
54
What was the justification for the invasion of Tibet?
It had, historically, always belonged to China.
55
What were the people of Tibet varied in?
Race
Culture
Religion
56
Tibet had always regarded themselves as separate.
True or false?
True
57
How many Tibetans met together to resist the PLA?
60,000
58
Were the Tibetans able to resist the PLA?
No
59
Why were the Tibetans unable to resist the PLA?
It was hopeless because w/o an organised army or weapons they were no match for the PLA
60
What did the PLA do in Tibet?
Imposed a regime of terror aimed at wiping out all traces of separate Tibetan identity
Process = dragged on over many decades and brought immense suffering to the people of Tibet
61
What type of population did Xinjiang have?
Largely Muslim
62
What did the CCP fear about Xinjiang?
Would claim independence.
Fall into Soviet hands as it was on the border
63
What did the CCP fear about Guangdong?
Would claim independence.
Would split away and go with Taiwan since they are nearby
64
When was Communist authority despatched over Xinjiang?
1951; within a year of arrival
65
What did the CCP and PLA do to undermine the sense of local identity in Xinjiang?
Put controls over religious worship
66
What area did the third PLA army bring under PRC control?
Guangdong province in Southern China
67
When did the GMD flee to Taiwan?
1949
68
What did the GMD build in Taiwan?
An alternative Chinese republic
69
What did Mao say about Taiwan?
The island was now illegally occupied by Chiang and he Nationalists; it was not a separate state but merely a breakaway province of mainland China.
70
Why could Mao not carry out his initial victory plans after the Civil war to reclaim Taiwan?
He was prevented from doing it because of the Cold War.
71
What did America develop, in regards to Taiwan, as a result of the Cold War?
Pro-Taiwan lobby Congress
72
After what year did America's pro-Taiwan lobby congress continue?
1971
73
What did America believe about Taiwan?
It was the true Chinese nation entitles to be a member of the United Nations (UN) and take its seat as a permanent member of the UN Security Council.
74
Why did Mao hold back sending his forces to Taiwan?
His forces were involved in Korea
75
Between what years was the Korean War?
1950-53
76
Between what years had Korea been occupied by Japan?
1910-1945
77
What happened to Korea as a result of Japan's defeat in 1945?
It was partitioned along the 38th parallel
78
When did the North Koreans cross the parallel with the aim of imposing their communist control over the whole peninsula?
1950
79
What did the US State Department believe about the North Koreans attack on South Korea by crossing the parallel?
Believed the incursion (attack) had been initiated by Mao in collusion (conspiracy) with Stalin
80
What was Mao's role in the North Koreans imposing Communist control on South Korea by crossing the parallel?
He backed N.Korea.
Did not initiate the invasion.
81
Korea was always discussed between Mao and Stalin at meetings in Moscow in 1950.
True or false?
False-Korea was hardly discussed
82
Why did the PRC decide to cut back from the Korean War?
Wanted to cut back and redirect resources into the rectification campaigns within China
83
How did Mao take advantage of the outbreak of the Korean War?
Used it to take more extreme measures at home
84
What did Mao use the threat of attack from the USA as an excuse to do?
Implement tighter controls on the populace
85
What things were launched soon after the PLA had entered the Korean War in October 1950?
Great Terror
'Three-antis'
'Five-antis'
86
What opposition did Mao use the Korean War to remove?
Lingering Nationalist opposition
Those that may become future opponents
87
What happened to foreigners in October 1950?
Forced to register which was later moved to full scale persecution during war.
88
Why was there increased control in the CCP?
Party members were given key roles in implementing control
89
Who was involved in denunciations?
Ordinary people
90
What were Americans and Christian missionaries (preachers) branded as?
Counter-revolutionaries and Western imperialists
91
How many Catholic missionaries were there in China?
Only 200
92
Why did Russian not leave the Korean War?
They were arriving to aid with the Sino-Soviet treaty
93
What did Mao use the war to promote?
National unity
94
What campaign did Mao start during the Korean War, in regards to the Korean War?
'Resist America, Aid Korea, Preserve Our Homes, Defend The Nation.'
95
Where did the meetings take place for the 'Resist America, Aid Korea' campaign?
Workplaces
Schools
96
What was chanted endlessly due to the 'Resist America, Aid Korea'?
Anti-American slogans
97
What happened to those who did not take place in the 'Resist America, Aid Korea' campaign?
Were persecuted
98
What were people encouraged to donate to the war effort?
Goods and money
99
What were there forced donations of towards the war effort?
Anything up to 3 months salary was collected from professionals in the cities
100
What rumour was spread in February 1952?
Beijing shared rumour = Americans were planning to launch an aerial bombardment.
It was claimed that American planes were dropping cylinders packed with germ infested insects not only on North Korea but also Manchuria
101
What did the CCP use concerns over health to launch in 1958?
'Five pests' campaign against mosquitoes, fleas, bedbugs and rats
102
3 triumphs of the Korean War.
1. Chinese troops fought greatest power in world (America)
2. Friendly North Korea had been preserved (maintained) on border of Manchuria were much of China's heavy industry was concentrated
3. Russia delighted by Mao's fighting efforts
103
First 4 disasters of Korean War.
1. Horrendous costs in lives and precious equipment. Estimates range from 400,000 and 800,000.
2. USA placed a trade embargo on China which led to a 30% fall in foreign trade in the first six months of 1952
3. Hopes of gaining a seat in the Security Council looked hopeless.
4. Vital resources needed for the restructuring of China following the Civil War were being wasted on the Korean War
104
Last 4 disasters of Korean War.
5. Food supplies kept up by forced requisitioning from the countryside. This had dire living standards causing famine in some instances
6. China had become entrenched (established) in confrontation with the USA, who was now committed to the defence of Taiwan and heavily backing the French in Vietnam to the south.
7. Russia had loaned material but expected repayment
8. Mao’s son was killed in an air raid
105
Who was it suggested that Stalin colluded with?
Kim Il Sung
106
What did Stalin do after he had "colluded" with Kim Il Sung?
Called China for support once the fighting had started
107
Why did Stalin believe the Soviet was at advantage during the Civil War?
Forces could not be directly involved
108
What type of politics was Stalin playing?
Cold War politics
109
How was Stalin playing Cold War politics?
Stalin was convinced by Kim that he could venture into South Korea and push the US into an Asian conflict that they could not win
110
What did Stalin hope would happen by bringing all of Korea into Communist rule?
The US would be humiliated and the Soviet Union would be in a very powerful position in the Far East
111
What did Stalin hope Mao would not be thinking with the distraction of the Korean War?
About USSR’s leadership of international communism or causing trouble over disputed Sino-Soviet border territory.
112
In 1950, what did Stalin write to Mao implying?
That the USSR would enter the war and the PRC could not risk waiting.
113
Unaware of Stalin's and Kim's plan, what was Mao hesitant to do?
Commit Chinese forces to the Korean struggle
114
Why did Mao feel obliged/required to enter the Korean War?
'fait accompli'
115
At the point of joining the Korean War, why was China heavily reliant on the USSR to lead the way?
Not because they wanted to but because of the lack of resources
116
What did Jung Chang say about China needing USSR resources?
“Chinese soldiers would fight the Americans for Stalin in exchange for Soviet technology and equipment”
117
What did Mao find difficult to do before entering the war?
Persuade the military that he was making the right decision
118
What did leading commanders argue with Mao about when he decided to enter the Korean War?
The PRC's task was to crush internal enemies and that it did not have the resources to fight in Korea
119
What was the counter argument to China should not fight in Korea since it didn't have resources?
Once US troops had entered Korea, it would be impossible for China to stay out of it.
120
What was the Western view on the reason behind the Korean War?
It was North Korea's fault in crossing the 38th parallel
121
What was the PRC's view on the reason behind the Korean War?
Counter to the Western view-claimed the South Koreans had committed the initial aggression
122
What did Zhou Enlai describe as an imperialist invasion?
The June 1950 claiming of South Korea with the American flag
123
What was chanted during mass demonstrations who wanted China to enter the war?
‘North Korea’s friends are our friends. North Korea’s enemy is our enemy. North Korea ‘s defence is our defence'.
124
When did China declare itself at war with America?
October 1953
125
Negative consequences of the war for the PRC.
Panmunjong Truce
A third of PLA forces were killed
USA remained loyal to Taiwan until 1971
Huge drain on economy
126
Why was the Panmunjong Truce a negative consequence of the war for the PRC?
Ended fighting in 1953 but left Korea still divided with no prospect of a Communist takeover of the South
127
Why was the USA remaining loyal to Taiwan until 1971 a negative consequence of the war for the PRC?
It ruled out the possibility of the PRC reclaiming Taiwan
128
Positive consequences of the war for the PRC.
Mao could increase social and political repression imposed by government
China was hardened
Mao could make proud claims of his Chinese comrades
PRC for 3 yrs had matched USA in combat and remained undefeated
129
Why could Mao increase political and social repression imposed by the government because of the war?
His call for national unity provided justification
130
How was China hardened by the war?
3-year experience of war hardened China's resolution to stand alone in a hostile (aggressive) world
131
What proud claims could Mao make about Chinese comrades?
They had shed their blood in the cause for international Communism
132
After the PRC was formed, what begun to take shape?
Cold War
133
As the Cold War begun, what was expected of China?
As a Communist state, it should support the Soviet against the USA
134
What did Stalin think that Mao would do in regards to support at the start of the Cold War?
Look to the USSR for support and guidance
135
Did Mao look to the USSR for support and guidance at the start of the Cold War?
No-did far from this
136
What was the consequence of Mao not looking to the USSR for support and guidance at the start of the Cold War?
There was tension between the Sino-Soviet relation
137
4 main factors for rivalry rather than friendship between Mao and Stalin.
1. Territorial disputes
2. Ideological differences
3. National rivalry
4. Clash of personalities
138
What year was the end of the Pacific War?
1945
139
What happened to Manchuria in 1945?
Japanese returned to China but only after withdrawing of Soviet Forces had stripped the region of industrial resources
140
What was China deprived of in Manchuria after withdrawing of Soviet Forces had stripped region of industrial resources?
Over $2 billion worth of plant and machinery
141
Border disputes continued to sour Sino-Soviet relations for decades.
True or False?
True
142
What territorial disputes created rivalry between Stalin and Mao?
Problems in Manchuria
143
Why were there ideological differences between Mao and Stalin?
Marxism to Mao was to achieve revolution in China, but essential to interpret in own terms.
Tension inevitable cause USSR regarded itself as only true interpreter of Marxism-Leninism
144
Why was there national rivalry between Mao and Stalin?
Mao judged that the Soviet leader wanted a disunited and divided China that would leave the USSR as the dominant force in Asia which is why Mao found it difficult to see the USSR as true voice of international Marxism
145
Why did Mao find it difficult to see the USSR as true voice of international Marxism?
Believed that it was not Communism that motivated their leader but self-interest
146
Why was there a clash of personalities between Stalin and Mao?
Mao offended by the superior air adopted by the Russians and by Stalin’s dismissive treatment of the Chinese delegation.
Disliked each other as people.
Personalities conflicted because they were so similar
147
When were Mao's doubts of Stalin's and his clashed personalities confirmed?
1950-official visit to the USSR
148
Who did the USA believe was the true China?
GMD and Chiang
149
What evidence came to light in regards to the Tibetan resistance against the PLA?
CIA assisted Tibetans in their 1950 rising against PLA.
150
What were US imperialists charged with for assisting Tibetans in their 1950 rising against the PLA?
Enough to charge them with interference in the affairs of the PRC as a sovereign (supreme) state
151
Who did Marxism believe there would be a final great struggle between?
Capitalists and Proletariat
152
What did Mao describe the USA's actions as during the Korean War?
A preliminary assault on the PRC itself
153
What US policy did Cold War divisions not forbid?
Backing anti-Communist regimes no matter how undemocratic they might be
154
Who did the PRC mount a continuous propaganda against and what did this include?
'American imperialism'
Included daily ritual chanting by China's school children of 'Death to the American imperialists and all their running dogs'
155
What did the USA's sensitivity over 'loss of China' in 1949 leave them to assume?
The Communist invasion of South Korea was the first joint venture of the new Communist bloc formed by Mao’s Communist China and the USSR
