Lesson 4- Mass Campaigns And Repression: How Effectively Did The Communist Party Deal With Opposition? Flashcards
1
Q
Between what years we’re the anti-movements?
A
1951-2
2
Q
What Was the reason for the anti-movements?
A
Tightening political control
3
Q
When was the three anti-movements?
A
1951
4
Q
What were the targets of the three anti-movements?
A
Waste
Corruption
Inefficiency
5
Q
When were the five anti-movements?
A
1952
6
Q
What was the purpose of the five anti-movements?
A
To stimulate the economy by attacking five factors
7
Q
What were the five factors which were attacked to stimulate the economy?
A
Industrial sabotage
Tax evasion
Bribery
Fraud
Theft of government property
8
Q
What were the Chinese people encouraged to do?
A
Expose all existing members of the GMD
9
Q
What two things happened to existing members of the GMD?
A
Their property was seized
They were publicly denounced
10
Q
What Was the main aim of the campaign?
A
The destruction of the remnants of the bureaucratic capitalist class who were engaged in reactionary or counter-revolutionary activities.
11
Q
What were employees encouraged to do?
A
Denounced their managers and officials.
12
Q
What happened to those who were accused by their employees?
A
They were investigated by party officials and and then if they were found guilty they had to give humiliating confessions.
They were then demoted from managers to probably janitors.
13
Q
What were those who carried out denuciations known as?
A
Tiger-beaters
14
Q
What were the people who were being denounced known as?
A
Tigers
15
Q
Who was in charge of the anti-movements?
A
Bo Yibo
16
Q
What were the anti-movements sparked after?
A
The arrest of the Zhang Zishan and Lui Quingshan over embezzling (stealing) large sums from the party.
17
Q
In 1952 Bo Yibo bragged of hunting down how many tigers in East China?
A
100,000
18
Q
What Was the bourgeoisie?
A
Equivalent to upper or middle class.
19
Q
What did the five antis expand its focus to?
A
The bourgeoisie
20
Q
Why were denunciation boxes made?
A
They were placed in work places so that denunciations could be made more readily.
21
Q
What did Frank Dikotter state?
A
1 percent of victims were shot
Another 1 percent were sent to labour camps
3 percent were jailed for more than ten years
The rest were fined
22
Q
The fines being so high caused what?
A
Drove many to suicide
Destroyed old business classes
23
Q
In 1952 what did Mao define the bourgeoisie as?
A
Outcasts against whom the people’s army, the people’s police and the people’s courts would be mercilessly used.
24
Q
What Was the vengeful atmosphere intensified by?
A
China’s involvement in the Korean War
25
what is a dangan?
Dossier held by party officials which held the details of every individual
26
What is a hukou?
A certificate which allowed you to gain accommodation
27
What is a danwei?
A certificate which gave you permission to gain employment
28
What was the Great Terror?
Violent attack against Attack against ‘anti-socials, counter-revolutionaries and imperialists’
29
What is a counter-revolutionary?
An individual who is deemed to be against the cause of the revolution
30
What are the three antis and five antis?
Campaigns involving attacks on managerial classes and class enemies. Involved denunciations and shaming by employees
31
What is a laogai?
Prison re-education camps
32
What was the Hundred Flowers Campaign?
Campaign from 1957 to gain criticisms from the party in order understand how well China had achieved its aims as a socialist state
33
What was the Anti-Rightists campaign?
Campaign of repression and purges following the criticisms of the Hundred Flowers Campaign
34
What happened within days of Mao coming to power?
police groups were sent to root out potential nationalist sympathisers
35
How was police groups being sent to root out potential nationalist sympathisers made easier?
by the expansion of the household registration system that was introduced by the GMD.
36
What was every employed worker assigned?
a danwei(work unit)
37
What was allocated through a danwei?
housing, food and clothing
38
who was in charge of food rations?
The cadres in charge of danwei
39
What was every individual given?
A label that specified their position in society
40
How did the labels specifying the position of someone in society help the CCP?
Using this help the CCP were able to go beyond just targeting GMD groups and began to target others within society
41
What did most educated people take up the opportunity to attend?
‘re-education’ classes and libraries that sprang up in workplaces to give the impression that they are conforming
42
Who were the key individuals targeted in the crackdown on crime?
the police were ordered to clean up cities by removing a wide range of criminals and nuisances ·
Beggars and prostitutes were also targeted
43
Why did those who were sent to laogais come back?
the camps soon became full
44
What did the Laogais help the CCP do?
to tackle the problems of criminal gangs and triads that had been notorious for their influence on underworld crime
45
What were the political purges accompanied by a series of mass campaigns aimed at?
Extending the CCP's authority over the people of China
46
Who was the Great Terror an attack against?
Anti-socials, counter-revolutionaries and imperialists
Catch anyone who disapproved of the CCP
47
In the 1950's what was Shanghai known for?
Mass terror and its underground gangs.
48
In the 1950's, in Shanghai, what did the CCP turn into?
A violent bloodletting
49
How many bandits and criminals were rounded up?
130, 000
50
How many of the 130, 000 bandits and criminals were executed?
Over half
51
What did the similar process of executing bandits and criminals lead to in Shanghai?
A death toll of 28, 000
52
Why did the great terror allow certain individuals to do?
Run the campaign
53
Who was Tao Zhu?
known as the tank due to his ruthless reputation
54
What did Tao Zhu do in the Great Terror?
was dispatched to orchestrate the clampdown in Guangxi province of the Vietnam border
55
What was needed in the Guangxi province of the Vietnam border?
Brutal crackdown was needed here against nationalist sympathisers
56
How many nationalist sympathisers were killed at the Guangxi province of the Vietnam border?
over 46, 000
57
Who was Lui Ruiquing?
head of security in Beijing
58
What was Lui Ruiquing responsible for?
transmitting Mao’s wishes to the provincial leaders.
59
What did Mao decide as killings got out of hand?
Suggested that killing 1 in every thousand or 1 in each local area was enough
60
When was the Great Terror?
1950-1
61
When did Mao extend on Rao Shushi's recommendation?
March 1951
62
What was Rao Shushi's recommendation to Mao, in March of 1951?
To move to killings to those within the CCP
63
What key event regarding a key killing happened in March 1951?
a top-ranking military official was shot dead at a public concert at Jinan.
64
What did Mao demand in regards to the killing of the top-ranking military official in March of 1951?
Mao demanded a quick response.
28th April police swept through 16 cities arresting nearly 17, 000 people
65
What were young part activists forced to do as a part of the Great Terror?
Forced to watch mass executions in order to indoctrinate and desensitize
66
Since it was unsure how many people died as a result of the Great Terror, what was a part estimate?
710, 000
67
What do some historians put the death toll of people during the Great Terror as high as?
2 million
68
What were the Five-antis used as justification for?
Justification to attack class enemies, which was basic in the social and political strategies of CCP government
69
What took place within the party?
Purges
70
What happened to those who did not follow official CCP policy?
were liable to be condemned as ‘rightists’ who were opposed to the progress of the PRC
71
How else did Mao attempt to find or dig out rightists in the party?
Alternated with periods when members were encouraged to criticise current policies · Those that were hasty (hurried) enough to do so were attacked as rightists
72
What were tougher restrictions placed on in China and the CCP?
Freedom of expression
73
Until when were purges a recurrent feature of Chinese politics?
Until Mao's death in 1976
74
What was terror used to do in the PRC?
Seal control
75
Including the GMD and the Democratic Leagues, how many separate political parties were there in 1949?
10
76
What had happened to the 10 separate political parties by 1952?
they had disappeared, destroyed in a set of moves which denied the right of any party to exist other than the CCP
77
What is mass conformity?
compliance in actions, behaviour, etc., with certain accepted standards or norms.
78
What did the CCP turn into when it came to enforcing mass conformity?
A notion of informers
79
What system did the local officials create?
(give the first 3)
1. Neighbour spied on neighbour
2. Workers snooped on their mates
3. Children reported on their parents
80
What system did the local officials create?
(give the last 2)
4. Each street or apartment block had officially appointed ‘watchers’ who kept the local CCP informed on anyone or anything suspicious
5. Community associations, which were set up with the declared aim of providing mutual help, became a major means of exerting control and conformity
81
What did Mao aim to do when it came to enforcing mass conformity?
Politicise the nation
82
What happened to those who didn't want to be involved in enforcing mass conformity?
They were labelled as class enemies
83
What did those who were middle class or non-revolutionary background know about mass conformity?
This would be enough to condemn them
84
What did enforcing mass conformity aim to denounce?
'bourgeois elements' and 'imperialist lackeys'
85
What was there no toleration of in the PRC?
Independent thinking let alone dissent (expressing or holding opinions)
86
Who were youth organisations closed down or taken over by?
Party cadres
87
Define party cadres
the staff that are tasked with the management of state and/or party affairs
88
What factor was selected for special attack?
Religion
89
What were the three main types of registration which individuals were required to register themselves into?
1. danwei
2. hukou
3. dangan
90
What things depended on the contents of a person's dossier?
A person's right to employment, housing or pension, or indeed freedom
91
What was Mao's aim regarding the Middle Class?
To destroy the whole class
92
Why was Mao ready to obliterate the Middle class by force?
He was done using them to help see the PRC through its teething troubles
93
Why did Mao want to get rid of them in the first place?
It was an essential step in creating a Marxist state where only one class would exist
94
What was the only class that Mao wanted to exist?
The proletariat.
He believed this could only be achieved through violence.
95
What was the task of the CCP when it came to getting rid of the middle class?
to show no mercy in annihilating the bourgeoisie which was still attempting to undermine the new China
96
Despite achieving 'God-like' status after 1949 what did this not make Mao?
More trustful of his colleagues
97
What happened as Mao became more powerful?
He became more detached from his political and government associates.
98
What made Mao, not the saviour, but the oppressor of the people?
His desire for power mixed with paranoia
99
What did the Laogai system explain?
Explained that misguided people who had failed to appreciate the benefits that Communism had brought would be shown the error of their ways.
100
What were the Laogais used as?
Means of terror
101
In 1953 how many prisoners were there in Laogais?
2 million
102
How much of the number of 1953 prisoners were working as forced labourers?
Over half
103
How much yuan in industrial products did the camps provide?
700 million yuan
104
How much tonnes of grain did the camps provide?
350, 000
105
In the Laogais, what did the inmates range from?
Poor farmer to technical experts
106
In the Laogais, prison conditions varied but what did they mainly involve?
Fear of violence
Sleep deprivation
Other forms of torture
107
What type of reform was implemented in the Laogais?
Thought reform
108
When and why did the prison population increase rapidly?
In 1955
When there were further purges of counter-revolutionaries
109
What was a new layer of imprisonment in the Laogais called?
Re-education through labour
110
How many new inmates were added as a result of the new layer of imprisonments in the Laogais?
300, 000
111
The statistics of the number who died in the camp varied but could be as high as what over the whole period of 1949-76?
25 million
112
What did Mao announce in 1951?
The beginning of the three anti-movements.
113
What were the targets of the 1951 policy?
Waste
Corruption
Inefficiecy
114
Which war intensified Mao's methods?
The Korean War 1950-3
115
In what year was it cleat China had become a one-party state?
1952-all 10 parties had disappeared
116
Which groups had a concentrated attack on themselves?
Anti-socialists
Counter-revolutionaries
Imperialists
117
Which groups were targeted in Shanghai?
Bandits and criminals
118
To maintain control, local party officials created what system?
Neighbour spied on neighbour
Workers snooped on their mates
Children reported on their parents
Streets/blocks had an official watcher
Community associations.
119
Who were youth groups taken over by?
Cadres
120
Which method of registration was most intrusive?
Dangan
121
Which class did Mao want to completely destroy?
The bourgeoisie
122
How did Mao believe a proletarian revolution could be achieved?
Violence
123
What is meant by the term 'going to the people'?
Mao travelling around China supposedly listening to what people had to say.
Were staged affairs.
124
What were the main methods Mao used to get rid of his fear of rivals?
Purges of members of CCP to purify the party
Use of cadres to maintain conformity
125
What were the 2 main methods the Politburo used to maintain control?
Three-anti movements (inc compulsory registrations)
Five-anti movements
126
What were the 3 compulsory registrations?
Hukou
Dangan
Danwei
127
What did the dangans create?
Mass terror
128
Who was mass terror an attack on?
Middle class
