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Biology > Lesson 6: DNA > Flashcards

Lesson 6: DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hershey Chase Experiment

A

1952; remember virus baby model: radioactive DNA was physically passed from virus to offspring, showed DNA was genetic material (NOT PROTEINS)

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2
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid; a long thin molecule that stores genetic info

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3
Q

Double Helix

A

spiral; two DNA strands bind and twist together

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4
Q

DNA is made of chains of joined ___

A

Nucleotides (Basic building blocks of DNA and RNA that store genetic information)

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5
Q

Each nucleotide is made of:

A

1 phosphate
1 sugar molecule (deoxyribose)
1 nitrogen base

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6
Q

Nucleotide model

A

Phosphate (circle)
Deoxyribose Sugar (pentagon)
Nitrogen base (rectangle)

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7
Q

Nitrogen Bases

A

Codes for genetic information
● Adenine (A)
● Thymine (T)
● Guanine (G)
● Cytosine (C)

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8
Q

Purines

A

Adenine + Guanine have two rings of carbon

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9
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine + Cytosine have 1 ring of carbon

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10
Q

Backbone

A

Phosphate-sugar; covalent bond

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11
Q

Coding

A

Nucleotide rungs; hydrogen bond

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12
Q

Adenine bonds to ___

A

Thymine (Apple Tree)

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13
Q

Guanine bonds to ___

A

Cytosine (Good Catch)

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14
Q

Purine + Purine

A

Too wide

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15
Q

Pyrimidine + Pyrimidine

A

too narrow

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16
Q

Purine + Pyrimidine

A

width consistent with X-ray data

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17
Q

Complimentary Base Pair

A

Opposite sides of DNA
“Antiparallel”

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18
Q

Opposite ends of DNA (number)

A

5-prime (5’) and 3-prime (3’)

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19
Q

Nucleotides are added ___ to ___

A

5’, 3’

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20
Q

The only thing that makes DNA different is the order the ___ are in

A

nitrogen bases/nucleotides are in

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21
Q

Before a cell divided in two, the cell’s DNA must ___

A

copy (replicate) itself
Semi-conservative replication

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22
Q

___ Steps of DNA replication

A

7 (occurs in the nucleus/nucleoid)

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23
Q

Step 1 (Replication)

A

● DNA Helicases (enzymes) unwind the DNA by breaking H-bonds between strands
● Now the DNA has a “Y” shape (replication fork)

24
Q

Step 2 (Replication)

A

● DNA Primase finds a starting location for DNA Polymerase to bind

25
Q

Step 3 (Replication)

A

● At the replication fork, DNA polymerases (emzymes) add new nucleotides to single strands of DNA

26
Q

Step 4 (Replication)

A

● DNA polymerases PROOFREAD as they go

27
Q

Step 5 (Replication)

A

● DNA polymerase add nucleotides to the 2 new strands in opposite directions (5’ to 3’)

28
Q

Step 5A (Replication)

A

● The leading strand makes one long DNA sequence
-(5’➜➜➜➜➜➜➜➜➜➜3’)

29
Q

Step 5B (Replication)

A

The lagging strand makes many short sequences (called Okazaki Fragments) since it is moving away from the replication fork.
-(5’ ➜ 3’ 5’ ➜ 3’ 5’ ➜ 3’ 5’ ➜ 3’ 5’ ➜ 3’)

30
Q

Step 6 (Replication)

A

New DNA polymerases PROOFREAD the DNA molecule and remove incorrect nucleotides

31
Q

Step 7 (Replication)

A

DNA Ligase seals the new DNA strands together

32
Q

Central Dogma of Biology

A

(set of principles that are inconvertibly true)
DNA codes to make RNA which codes to make proteins

33
Q

Transcription

A

DNA ➜ RNA; forms a complementary mRNA strand complementary to the DNA strand
Ex. DNA: TCAGACTTGA
RNA: AGUCUGAACU

34
Q

Translation

A

RNA ➜ Protein; using mRNA to assemble an amino acid chain (a protein)

35
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA; carries genetic info from the DNA (nucleus) to the ribosome (cytoplasm) to make proteins

36
Q

DNA vs. RNA

A

DNA: Double stranded, deoxyribose, thymine, never leaves nucleus
RNA: Single stranded, ribose, uracil, leaves nucleus to bind to a ribosome
Similarities: Nucleic acid chains, derive from nucleotide monomers, base pair coding, complementary base pairs for replication or transcription

37
Q

___ Steps of Transcription

A

3 (occurs in nucleus/nucleoid)

38
Q

Step 1 (Transcription)

A

Initiation: RNA polymerase (enzymes) recognizes a starting area on the DNA and unzips the DNA

39
Q

Step 2 (Transcription)

A

Elongation: RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the DNA strand (nucleotides are gathered from the food we eat)

40
Q

Step 3 (Transcription)

A

Termination: The mRNA detaches at the terminator sequence and swims out of the nucleus towards the ribosome

41
Q

Replication vs. Transcription

A

Replication: 2 exact replicas of the DNA molecule, long DNA strands, needs a primer, Okazaki fragments, 2 daughter strands, copies DNA, DNA polymerase
Transcription: 1 RNA molecule using the DNA, short RNA strands, doesn’t need a primer, no Okazaki fragments, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, copies a gene, RNA polymerase
Similarities: Occurs in nucleus, start with DNA, creates genetic material, utilize enzymes

42
Q

What happens in translation?

A

● The ribosome reads mRNA 3 nucleotides at a time
● 3 nucleotides = 1 codon
● 1 codon ➜ 1 amino acid

43
Q

tRNA

A

clover shaped strand of RNA the brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome; it grabs the correct amino acid by using it anti-codon that complements mRNA’s codons

44
Q

___ Steps of Translation

A

7 (occurs in ribosome)

45
Q

Step 1 (Translation)

A

mRNA binds to a ribosome

46
Q

Step 2 (Translation)

A

S “start” codon (AUG) on mRNA signals protein synthesis to begin

47
Q

Step 3 (Translation)

A

Free-floating amino acids are picked up by tRNA and brought to the ribosome based on the codon/anti-codon compliment

48
Q

Step 4 (Translation)

A

As new tRNA molecules arrive, the ribosome holds them in place

49
Q

Step 5 (Translation)

A

Peptide bonds form between the new amino acids

50
Q

Step 6 (Translation)

A

This is repeated until a “stop codon” is read, and the protein in released into the cell

51
Q

Step 7 (Translation)

A

This new protein can now go perform some cellular function

52
Q

Mutations

A

● Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA
● Errors occur during DNA replication, DNA repair, or transcription

53
Q

Wrong DNA ➜ Wrong RNA ➜ Wrong Protein

A

This “mutated gene” can cause:
● Bad: cell death, genetic diseases, cancer
● Neutral: No change
● Good: Evolution (through natural selection)

54
Q

3 Types of DNA Mutations

A

● Substitutions: Replaces one base with another
● Insertion: An excess base is added*
● Deletion: A base is accidentally removed*

*causes a “frameshift” in which every codon after is affected

55
Q

Animo acid mutation

A

● Missense mutation: The wrong amino acid is produced
● Nonsense mutation: A stop codon is produced
● Frameshift mutation: Insertion or deletion that improperly groups several codons

56
Q

Transcription vs. Translation

A

Transcription: DNA ➜ RNA, in the nucleus, mRNA
Translation: RNA ➜ Proteins, in the ribosome, tRNA (anti-codon)
Similarities: Central Dogma, process of making proteins, codons

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