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Biology > Lesson 4: Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Lesson 4: Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Nutrients and wastes move across a cell by ___.

A

Diffusion

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2
Q

Small cells have a (higher/lower) ___ compared to larger cells

A

higher; surface area to volume ratio

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3
Q

Cells constantly need to get ___ in and ___ out.

A

nutrients; waste

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4
Q

As the size of a cell (increases/decreases), the ratio between the surface area and volume (increases/decreases).

A

increases; decreases

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5
Q

A smaller cell has more ___ to quickly send materials across the membrane .

A

surface area (ratio)

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6
Q

If a cell gets too large; it must ___.

A

divide

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7
Q

Genome

A

the complete set of an organism’s DNA

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8
Q

DNA

A

the genetic code of an organism

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

packages of DNA; located in the nucleus of each cell

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10
Q

Genes

A

sequences of DNA that code for a specific protein

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11
Q

List these terms from smallest to biggest:

Genome
Gene
DNA
Chromosome

A
  1. Gene
  2. DNA
  3. Chromosome
  4. Genome
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12
Q

Prokaryotic chromosomes are ___.

A

simple circles and clumps of DNA in a nucleoid region

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13
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes are ___.

A

very complex and made of DNA coiled around proteins (histones)

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14
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

● Pairs of chromosomes that exist in all sexually reproducing species
● Each pair contains genes for the same types of traits
● Each pair represents one chromosome from each parent, meaning they likely have different traits

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15
Q

Chromosomes

A

● Before cell division, the chromosomes copy themselves
● The replicated chromosome is called sister chromatids
● They are attached to a centromere

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16
Q

Cells continuously divide in order to ___.

A

repair or replace cells that die

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17
Q

Cells divide rapidly during the ___ of multicellular organisms.

A

growth

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18
Q

Cell Cycle

A

The life cycle of a cell; from division to division

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19
Q

5 Stages of the Cell Cycle

A
  1. G1: Growth phase of the cell
  2. S: DNA is copied
  3. G2: Prep for mitosis, organelles are copied
  4. M: Mitosis occurs, nucleus divides
  5. C: Cytokinesis, cell/cytoplasm divides
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20
Q

What parts of the cell cycle are a part of interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

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21
Q

Most of a cell’s life is spent in ___.

A

Interphase

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22
Q

What triggers cell division?

A

● Size: If a cell grows so large that there is too much volume for the surface area, it will divide
● Growth factors: Chemicals released by cells that encourage other cells to divide

23
Q

Mitosis

A

a type of cell division that divides the nucleus and produces identical, diploid cells (occurs in body, or somatic, cells)

24
Q

Four stages of Mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
25
Q

Prophase

A

● Chromosomes appear
● Nuclear envelope breaks down
● Spindle fibers appear (protein ropes that pull chromosomes apart)

25
Q

Metaphase

A

● Meta = middle
● Spindle fibers line up chromosomes on the equator
● They attach to the centromeres

26
Q

Anaphase

A

● Sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers (x2 the amount of chromosomes)
● Each chromatid (single chromosome) pulled to opposite poles towards the centrioles

27
Q

Telophase

A

● Chromosomes uncoil on separate sides of the cell
● 2 new nuclear envelopes appear (almost 2 nuclei but still one cell)

28
Q

Cancerous cells

A

a single cell that has undergone mutations in its DNA

29
Q

Instead of maturing and dying normally, cancerous cells ___

A

reproduce uncontrollably

30
Q

Density Dependent Inhibition (DDI)

A

When cells stop dividing when crowded (cancer cells ignore DDI)

31
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death (cancer cells ignore apoptosis)

32
Q

Tumors

A

The result of uncontrolled cell division (a big “lump” of cells)

33
Q

Benign tumors

A

Non-harmful tumors

34
Q

Malignant tumors

A

Harmful tumors

35
Q

Metastasize

A

invade other tissues

36
Q

Cancer is multi___

A

factorial

37
Q

Lifestyle risks

A

● Smoking
● UV Rays
● Diet
● Lack of Exercise
● Obesity
(Last three are usually grouped)

38
Q

Environmental Risks

A

● 2nd-hand smoke
● Air/Industrial pollution
● Chemical exposures

39
Q

Inherited Risks

A

● Gene mutations are passed on to offspring

40
Q

Cancer treatments

A

● Chemotherapy
● Radiation
● Removal of tumors
● Immunotherapy
● Blood and marrow transplant
● New gene therapy, Stem Cells, Virus Therapy
(NOT cures)

41
Q

Diploid (2N)

A

two copies of each chromosome (46)

42
Q

Haploid (N)

A

one copy of chromosomes given to offspring (23)

43
Q

Meiosis

A

a special type of cell division that produces gametes (occurs in testes and ovaries), 1 diploid cell (2N) - 4 haploid cells (N)

44
Q

Gametes

A

sex cells (sperm and egg)

45
Q

2 gametes form a ___

A

zygote (egg (N) + sperm (N) - zygote (2N))

46
Q

Meiosis Overview

A

2 rounds of cell divisions
1. Meiosis 1:
● DNA replicates
● Pair of homologous chromosomes separate
2. Meiosis 2:
● Same steps but no DNA replication
● Sister chromatids separate
● Cells now have 1/2 of their original DNA

47
Q

Crossing over

A

● Occurs during Prophase 1
● Replicated homologous chromosomes pair up and form a tetrad
● Some DNA gets swapped

48
Q

Independent Assortment

A

haploid cells have randomly assorted DNA from both parents

49
Q

Crossing over and Independent Assortment lead to ___

A

greater genetic diversity (good for species survival, occurs in metaphase 1)

50
Q

Monosomy

A

A missing chromosome. Usually results in death during fetal development

51
Q

Trisomy

A

An extra chromosome. Usually results in a “chromosomal disorder” like down syndrome

52
Q

Karyotype

A

a picture of all the chromosomes used to look for abnormalities

53
Q

Nondisjunction

A

when homologous pairs or sister chromatids fail to separate (leads to monosomy + trisomy)

Biology (7 decks)

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