Lesson 6 - Concepts Flashcards
Memory strategy
When you use a memory strategy, you perform mental activities that can help to improve your encoding and retrieval. Most memory strategies help you remember something that you learned in the past.
mental imagery
The mental representation of stimuli when those stimuli are no physically present. Sensory receptors do not receive any input when a mental image is created.
levels of processing
The observation that recall is generally more accurate when people process information at a deep, meaningful level, rather than shallow, sensory kind of processing
elaboration
in the levels-of-processing approach to memory, rich processing emphasizing the meaning of a particular concept and relating the concept to prior knowledge and interconnected concepts already mastered.
rehearsal
repeating the information you want to learn
distinctiveness
in the levels-of-processing approach to memory, the situation in which one memory trace is different from all other memory traces. People tend to forget information if it is not distinctly different from the other memory traces int heir long-term memory.
Self-reference effect
The enhancement of long-term memory by relating the material to oneself
encoding-specificity principle
The observation that recall is often better if the context at the time of encoding matches the context at the time of retrieval.
total-time hypothesis
The concept that the amount of information you learn depends on the total time devoted to learning. This hypothesis is generally true, although the quality of study strategies used during the time is also important.
distributed-practice effect
you will remember more material if you spread your learning trials over time
spaced-learning
distributing your trails over time will help you remember more
massed learning
” cramming” by learning the material all at once
desirable difficulties
a learning situation that is somewhat challenging, but not too difficult
testing effect
being tested on material also increases memory for the material
mnemonics
mental strategies designed to improve your memory
keyword method
you identify an English word ( the keyword) that sounds similar to the new word you want to learn.
organization
trying to bring a systematic order to the material you want to learn
Chunking
we combine several small units into larger units, is a basic organizational principle that eases the processing demands on working memory.
hierarchy
a system in which items are arranged in a series of classes, from the most general classes to the most specific.
first-letter technique
you take the first letter of each word you want to remember than you compose a word or a sentence from those letters.
narrative technique
instructs people to make up stories that link a series of words together
retrospective memory
remembering information that you acquired in the past.
prospective memory
remembering that you need to do something in the future.
ecological validity
a study has ecological validity if the conditions in which the research is conducted are similar to the natural setting to which the results will be applied.
external memory aid
any device, external to yourself, that facilitates your memory in some way
Metacognition
your knowledge and control of your cognitive processes
self-knowledge
what people believe about themselves.
metamemory
people’s knowledge, monitoring and control of their memory.
the tip-of-the-tongue effect
describes your subjective experience of knowing the target word for which you are searching, yet you cannot recall it right now
the feeling-of-knowing effect
describes the subjective experience of knowing some information, but you cannot recall it right now.
tip-of-the-finger effect
which refers to the subjective experience of knowing the target sign, but that sign is temporarily inaccessible.
metacomprehension
refers to your thoughts about language comprehension
