Lesson 6 - Concepts

Question 1

Memory strategy

Answer 1

When you use a memory strategy, you perform mental activities that can help to improve your encoding and retrieval. Most memory strategies help you remember something that you learned in the past.

Question 2

mental imagery

Answer 2

The mental representation of stimuli when those stimuli are no physically present. Sensory receptors do not receive any input when a mental image is created.

Question 3

levels of processing

Answer 3

The observation that recall is generally more accurate when people process information at a deep, meaningful level, rather than shallow, sensory kind of processing

Question 4

elaboration

Answer 4

in the levels-of-processing approach to memory, rich processing emphasizing the meaning of a particular concept and relating the concept to prior knowledge and interconnected concepts already mastered.

Question 5

rehearsal

Answer 5

repeating the information you want to learn

Question 6

distinctiveness

Answer 6

in the levels-of-processing approach to memory, the situation in which one memory trace is different from all other memory traces. People tend to forget information if it is not distinctly different from the other memory traces int heir long-term memory.

Question 7

Self-reference effect

Answer 7

The enhancement of long-term memory by relating the material to oneself

Question 8

encoding-specificity principle

Answer 8

The observation that recall is often better if the context at the time of encoding matches the context at the time of retrieval.

Question 9

total-time hypothesis

Answer 9

The concept that the amount of information you learn depends on the total time devoted to learning. This hypothesis is generally true, although the quality of study strategies used during the time is also important.

Question 10

distributed-practice effect

Answer 10

you will remember more material if you spread your learning trials over time

Question 11

spaced-learning

Answer 11

distributing your trails over time will help you remember more

Question 12

massed learning

Answer 12

” cramming” by learning the material all at once

Question 13

desirable difficulties

Answer 13

a learning situation that is somewhat challenging, but not too difficult

Question 14

testing effect

Answer 14

being tested on material also increases memory for the material

Question 15

mnemonics

Answer 15

mental strategies designed to improve your memory

Question 16

keyword method

Answer 16

you identify an English word ( the keyword) that sounds similar to the new word you want to learn.

Question 17

organization

Answer 17

trying to bring a systematic order to the material you want to learn

Question 18

Chunking

Answer 18

we combine several small units into larger units, is a basic organizational principle that eases the processing demands on working memory.

Question 19

hierarchy

Answer 19

a system in which items are arranged in a series of classes, from the most general classes to the most specific.

Question 20

first-letter technique

Answer 20

you take the first letter of each word you want to remember than you compose a word or a sentence from those letters.

Question 21

narrative technique

Answer 21

instructs people to make up stories that link a series of words together

Question 22

retrospective memory

Answer 22

remembering information that you acquired in the past.

Question 23

prospective memory

Answer 23

remembering that you need to do something in the future.

Question 24

ecological validity

Answer 24

a study has ecological validity if the conditions in which the research is conducted are similar to the natural setting to which the results will be applied.

Question 25

external memory aid

Answer 25

any device, external to yourself, that facilitates your memory in some way

Question 26

Metacognition

Answer 26

your knowledge and control of your cognitive processes

Question 27

self-knowledge

Answer 27

what people believe about themselves.

Question 28

metamemory

Answer 28

people’s knowledge, monitoring and control of their memory.

Question 29

the tip-of-the-tongue effect

Answer 29

describes your subjective experience of knowing the target word for which you are searching, yet you cannot recall it right now

Question 30

the feeling-of-knowing effect

Answer 30

describes the subjective experience of knowing some information, but you cannot recall it right now.

Question 31

tip-of-the-finger effect

Answer 31

which refers to the subjective experience of knowing the target sign, but that sign is temporarily inaccessible.

Question 32

metacomprehension

Answer 32

refers to your thoughts about language comprehension