Lesson 5 - Concepts

Question 1

Working memory

Answer 1

the brief,immediate memory for material we are currently processing

Question 2

Long-term memory

Answer 2

refers to the high-capacity storage system that contains your memories for experiences and information that you have accumulated throughout your lifetime. Information in long-term memory can last for a few minutes to many decades.

Question 3

Episodic memory

Answer 3

focuses on your memories for events that happened to you personally; it allows you to travel backward in subjective time, to reminisce about earlier episordes in your life.

Question 4

Semantic memory

Answer 4

describes your organized knowledge about the world, including your knowledge about words and other factual information. For example you know that the word semantic is related to the word meaning, and you know that Ottawa is the capital of Canada.

Question 5

About long-term memory

Answer 5

information that gets encoded in your long-term memory is coded largely in terms of its meaning.

Question 6

procedural memory

Answer 6

refers to your knowledge about how to do something. For instance, you know how to ride a bicycle, and you know ho to send an email to a friend.

Question 7

Encoding

Answer 7

you process information and represent it in your memory.

Question 8

Retrieval

Answer 8

you locate information in storage and you access that information.

Question 9

levels of processing approach

Answer 9

argues that deep, meaningul processing of information leads to more accurate recall than shallow, sensory kinds of processing ( this theory is also called the depth-of-processing approach)

Question 10

Distinctiveness

Answer 10

means that a stimulus is different from other memory traces. For example, suppose that you are interviewing for a job. You’ve just learned that one woman is especially important in deciding whether you will be hired and you want to make sure to remember her name. You’ll need to use deep processing and spend extra time processing her name.

Question 11

elaboration

Answer 11

requires rich processing interms of meaning and interconnected concepts.

Question 12

self-reference effect

Answer 12

you will remember more information f you try to relate that information to yourself.

Question 13

meta-analysis

Answer 13

is a statistical method for synthesizing numerous studies on a single topic. A meta-analysis computes a statistical index that tells us whether a particular variable has a statistically significant effect when combining all the studies.

Question 14

encoding-specificity principle

Answer 14

states that recall is better if the context durieng retrieval is similar to the context during encoding.

Question 15

recall task

Answer 15

the participants must reproduce the items they learned earlier.

Question 16

recognition task

Answer 16

the participants must judge whether they saw a particular item at an earlier time.

Question 17

retrieval

Answer 17

refers to the processes that allow you to locate information that is stored in long-term memory and to have access to that information

Question 18

explicit memory task

Answer 18

a researcher directly asks you to remember some information; you realize that your memory is being teste, and the test requires you to interntionally retrieve some information that you peviously learned.

Question 19

implicit memory task

Answer 19

you see the material ( usually a series of words or pictures ); later, during the test phase, you are instructed to complete a cognitive task that does not directly ask you for either recall or recognition.

Question 20

repetition priming task

Answer 20

recent exposure to a word increases the likelihood that you will think of this particular word when you are subsequently presented with a cue that could evoke many different words.

Question 21

dissociation

Answer 21

occurs when a variable has large effects on Test A, but little or no effects on Test B; a dissociation also occurs when a variable has one kind of effect if measured by Test A, and the opposite effect if measured by Test B.

Question 22

generalize anxiety disorder

Answer 22

(GAD) in which a person experiences at least six months of intense, long-lasting anxiety and worry

Question 23

postraumatic stress disorder

Answer 23

in which a person keeps re-experiencing an extremely traumatic event

Question 24

social phobia

Answer 24

in which a person becomes extremely anxious in social situations.

Question 25

amnesia

Answer 25

a person with amnesia has severe deficits in their episodic memory

Question 26

retrograde amnesia

Answer 26

loss of memory from events that occurred prior to brain damage that caused amnesia

Question 27

anterograde amnesia

Answer 27

loss of the abilty to form memories for events that have occurred after brain damage

Question 28

hippocampus

Answer 28

a structure underneath the cortex that is important in many learning memory tasks.

Question 29

autobiographical memory

Answer 29

is your memory for events and issues related to yourself.

Question 30

ecological validity

Answer 30

the conditions in which the research is conducted are similar to the natural setting to which the results will be applied.

Question 31

schema

Answer 31

consists of your general knowledge or expectation, which is distilled from your past experiences with someone or something.

Question 32

consistency bias

Answer 32

we tend to exxagerate the consistency between our past feelings and beliefs and our current viewpoint.

Question 33

source monitoring

Answer 33

trying to identidy the origin of a particular memory

Question 34

reality monitoring

Answer 34

trying to identify whether an events really ocurred or whether you actually imagined the event.

Question 35

flashbulb memory

Answer 35

refers to your memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event.

Question 36

post-event misinformation effect

Answer 36

eople first view an event and are then given misleading informaion about it. later on, they mistakenly recall the misleading information rather than the event they actually saw.

Question 37

proactive interference

Answer 37

which means that people have trouble recalling new material because previously learned, old material keeps interfering with new memories.

Question 38

retroactive intergerence

Answer 38

people have trouble recalling old material because some recently learned, new material keeps interfering with old memories.

Question 39

constructivist approach

Answer 39

to memory. emphasizes that we construct knowledge by intergrating new information with what we knows. As a result, our understanding of an ecent or a topic is coherent, and it makes sense.

Question 40

expertise

Answer 40

people with expertise demonstrate impressive memory abilities, as well as consistently exceptional performance on representative tasks in a particular area.

Question 41

emotion

Answer 41

a reaction to a specific stimulus

Question 42

mood

Answer 42

refers to a more general, long-lasting experience

Question 43

Pollyanna principle

Answer 43

states that pleasant items are usually processed more efficiently and more accurately than less-pleasant items

Question 44

recovered-memory perspective

Answer 44

some indviduals who experience sexual abuse during childhood manage to forget that memory for many years

Question 45

faslse-memory perspective

Answer 45

proposes that most of these recovered memories are actually incorrect memories.

Question 46

betrayal trauma

Answer 46

how a child may respond adaptively when a trusted parent or caretaker betrays him or her by sexual abuse. The child depends on this adult and most actively inhibit memories of abuse in order to maintain an attachment to this person.