Lesson 5 - Concepts Flashcards
Working memory
the brief,immediate memory for material we are currently processing
Long-term memory
refers to the high-capacity storage system that contains your memories for experiences and information that you have accumulated throughout your lifetime. Information in long-term memory can last for a few minutes to many decades.
Episodic memory
focuses on your memories for events that happened to you personally; it allows you to travel backward in subjective time, to reminisce about earlier episordes in your life.
Semantic memory
describes your organized knowledge about the world, including your knowledge about words and other factual information. For example you know that the word semantic is related to the word meaning, and you know that Ottawa is the capital of Canada.
About long-term memory
information that gets encoded in your long-term memory is coded largely in terms of its meaning.
procedural memory
refers to your knowledge about how to do something. For instance, you know how to ride a bicycle, and you know ho to send an email to a friend.
Encoding
you process information and represent it in your memory.
Retrieval
you locate information in storage and you access that information.
levels of processing approach
argues that deep, meaningul processing of information leads to more accurate recall than shallow, sensory kinds of processing ( this theory is also called the depth-of-processing approach)
Distinctiveness
means that a stimulus is different from other memory traces. For example, suppose that you are interviewing for a job. You’ve just learned that one woman is especially important in deciding whether you will be hired and you want to make sure to remember her name. You’ll need to use deep processing and spend extra time processing her name.
elaboration
requires rich processing interms of meaning and interconnected concepts.
self-reference effect
you will remember more information f you try to relate that information to yourself.
meta-analysis
is a statistical method for synthesizing numerous studies on a single topic. A meta-analysis computes a statistical index that tells us whether a particular variable has a statistically significant effect when combining all the studies.
encoding-specificity principle
states that recall is better if the context durieng retrieval is similar to the context during encoding.
recall task
the participants must reproduce the items they learned earlier.
recognition task
the participants must judge whether they saw a particular item at an earlier time.
retrieval
refers to the processes that allow you to locate information that is stored in long-term memory and to have access to that information
explicit memory task
a researcher directly asks you to remember some information; you realize that your memory is being teste, and the test requires you to interntionally retrieve some information that you peviously learned.
implicit memory task
you see the material ( usually a series of words or pictures ); later, during the test phase, you are instructed to complete a cognitive task that does not directly ask you for either recall or recognition.
repetition priming task
recent exposure to a word increases the likelihood that you will think of this particular word when you are subsequently presented with a cue that could evoke many different words.
dissociation
occurs when a variable has large effects on Test A, but little or no effects on Test B; a dissociation also occurs when a variable has one kind of effect if measured by Test A, and the opposite effect if measured by Test B.
generalize anxiety disorder
(GAD) in which a person experiences at least six months of intense, long-lasting anxiety and worry
postraumatic stress disorder
in which a person keeps re-experiencing an extremely traumatic event
social phobia
in which a person becomes extremely anxious in social situations.
amnesia
a person with amnesia has severe deficits in their episodic memory
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory from events that occurred prior to brain damage that caused amnesia
anterograde amnesia
loss of the abilty to form memories for events that have occurred after brain damage
hippocampus
a structure underneath the cortex that is important in many learning memory tasks.
autobiographical memory
is your memory for events and issues related to yourself.
ecological validity
the conditions in which the research is conducted are similar to the natural setting to which the results will be applied.
schema
consists of your general knowledge or expectation, which is distilled from your past experiences with someone or something.
consistency bias
we tend to exxagerate the consistency between our past feelings and beliefs and our current viewpoint.
source monitoring
trying to identidy the origin of a particular memory
reality monitoring
trying to identify whether an events really ocurred or whether you actually imagined the event.
flashbulb memory
refers to your memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event.
post-event misinformation effect
eople first view an event and are then given misleading informaion about it. later on, they mistakenly recall the misleading information rather than the event they actually saw.
proactive interference
which means that people have trouble recalling new material because previously learned, old material keeps interfering with new memories.
retroactive intergerence
people have trouble recalling old material because some recently learned, new material keeps interfering with old memories.
constructivist approach
to memory. emphasizes that we construct knowledge by intergrating new information with what we knows. As a result, our understanding of an ecent or a topic is coherent, and it makes sense.
expertise
people with expertise demonstrate impressive memory abilities, as well as consistently exceptional performance on representative tasks in a particular area.
emotion
a reaction to a specific stimulus
mood
refers to a more general, long-lasting experience
Pollyanna principle
states that pleasant items are usually processed more efficiently and more accurately than less-pleasant items
recovered-memory perspective
some indviduals who experience sexual abuse during childhood manage to forget that memory for many years
faslse-memory perspective
proposes that most of these recovered memories are actually incorrect memories.
betrayal trauma
how a child may respond adaptively when a trusted parent or caretaker betrays him or her by sexual abuse. The child depends on this adult and most actively inhibit memories of abuse in order to maintain an attachment to this person.
