Lesson 5: Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

What is the typical annual weight and height gain for children aged 6-11?

Answer 1

Children typically gain about 5-7 pounds and grow 2-3 inches annually.

Question 2

What physical changes occur during middle and late childhood?

Answer 2

Children slim down, gain muscle strength, and improve lung capacity.

Question 3

At what age does the growth spurt before puberty begin for girls and boys?

Answer 3

For girls, it begins around age 9, and for boys around age 11.

Question 4

How do gross motor skills differ between boys and girls in this stage?

Answer 4

Boys typically outperform girls in gross motor skills.

Question 5

What brain regions show significant growth between ages 6 and 8?

Answer 5

Fine motor skills and eye-hand coordination improve due to growth in the brain’s association areas.

Question 6

How many children in the U.S. participate in organized soccer?

Answer 6

Nearly 3 million children.

Question 7

What are the benefits of sports participation for children?

Answer 7

Improved physical and emotional development, better academic performance, and higher satisfaction with life.

Question 8

Why do some children drop out of organized sports?

Answer 8

The most common reason is that they no longer find it fun.

Question 9

How does specialization in one sport affect injury risk?

Answer 9

Specialization increases the risk of injury compared to playing multiple sports.

Question 10

What percentage of children drop out of organized sports without trained coaches?

Answer 10

About 30% drop out, compared to only 5% with trained coaches.

Question 11

What is the Body Mass Index (BMI) threshold for overweight children?

Answer 11

A BMI at or above the 85th percentile.

Question 12

What cognitive impairments are associated with obesity in children?

Answer 12

Deficits in executive functioning, working memory, and decision-making.

Question 13

What term describes parents’ inability to recognize their child’s obesity?

Answer 13

“Oblivobesity.”

Question 14

How can aerobic exercise benefit overweight children?

Answer 14

It improves cognitive functioning and impulse control.

Question 15

What is the recommended parental approach to supporting overweight children?

Answer 15

Being warm and supportive without emphasizing shame or guilt.

Question 16

What stage of Piaget’s theory applies to ages 7-11?

Answer 16

The Concrete Operational Stage.

Question 17

What is conservation in cognitive development?

Answer 17

Understanding that changing an object’s appearance does not change its quantity.

Question 18

What is decentration?

Answer 18

The ability to focus on multiple aspects of a situation simultaneously.

Question 19

How does inductive reasoning function in this stage?

Answer 19

It involves making generalizations based on specific observations.

Question 20

What is seriation?

Answer 20

Arranging items in a quantitative order, such as by length or weight.

Question 21

What memory strategy involves creating rhymes or acronyms?

Answer 21

Mnemonics.

Question 22

What is metacognition?

Answer 22

Awareness and regulation of one’s own thought processes.

Question 23

What causes utilization deficiencies in memory strategies?

Answer 23

The strategy may initially consume cognitive resources, reducing performance.

Question 24

How does working memory improve during middle childhood?

Answer 24

Through increased processing speed and the ability to inhibit irrelevant information.

Question 25

What is selective attention?

Answer 25

The ability to focus on relevant information while ignoring distractions.

Question 26

By fifth grade, what is the average vocabulary size of a child?

Answer 26

Approximately 40,000 words.

Question 27

What is the difference between bilingualism and monolingualism?

Answer 27

Bilingualism involves understanding and using two languages, while monolingualism involves only one.

Question 28

How do bilingual children benefit cognitively?

Answer 28

They have better problem-solving skills and cognitive flexibility.

Question 29

What is a fluency disorder?

Answer 29

A disorder affecting the flow of speech, such as stuttering.

Question 30

What causes articulation disorders?

Answer 30

Difficulty in producing speech sounds due to issues with lips, tongue, or throat.

Question 31

What is the general intelligence factor (g)?

Answer 31

A construct that underlies abilities measured by intelligence tests.

Question 32

What are the three components of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?

Answer 32

Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

Question 33

What is Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?

Answer 33

A theory proposing eight distinct types of intelligences, including linguistic and kinesthetic.

Question 34

What type of intelligence is associated with "street smarts"?

Answer 34

Practical intelligence.

Question 35

How does Gardner’s theory influence education?

Answer 35

How does Gardner’s theory influence education?

Question 36

What does the Flynn effect describe?

Answer 36

The rise in IQ scores over recent decades.

Question 37

How is IQ calculated?

Answer 37

Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.

Question 38

What is the most widely used intelligence test for adults?

Answer 38

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS).

Question 39

How does the WAIS-IV assess intelligence?

Answer 39

By evaluating verbal, perceptual, working memory, and processing speed.

Question 40

What is the significance of standardization in intelligence testing?

Answer 40

It ensures tests are reliable and valid across populations.

Question 41

What does the ecological systems model emphasize?

Answer 41

The interaction of individual, family, and cultural contexts in development.

Question 42

How can parental involvement influence academic success?

Answer 42

By providing support and maintaining communication with teachers.

Question 43

What is the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)?

Answer 43

A U.S. law aiming to expand educational opportunities and improve student outcomes.

Question 44

What is "family capital"?

Answer 44

The power derived from socioeconomic advantages to support a child’s education.

Question 45

How do cultural differences affect classroom behavior?

Answer 45

Variations in communication styles, eye contact, and social distance can lead to misunderstandings.

Question 46

What is dyslexia?

Answer 46

A learning disability affecting reading and phonological processing.

Question 47

What is dysgraphia?

Answer 47

A writing disability involving difficulty with spelling, handwriting, or forming letters.

Question 48

What is dyscalculia?

Answer 48

A learning disability affecting math skills.

Question 49

What is ADHD?

Answer 49

A condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Question 50

What role does dopamine play in ADHD?

Answer 50

Reduced dopamine activity is linked to motivation and reward deficits.

Question 51

What IQ score is often associated with giftedness?

Answer 51

An IQ of 130 or higher.

Question 52

What is the prevalence of intellectual disabilities in the U.S.?

Answer 52

Approximately 1% of the population.

Question 53

What is Down syndrome?

Answer 53

A chromosomal disorder caused by an extra 21st chromosome.

Question 54

How do gifted children differ socially from stereotypes?

Answer 54

They often have above-average social skills and relationships.

Question 55

What is the "normal distribution" in intelligence scores?

Answer 55

A bell curve where most scores cluster around the average.

Question 56

How do peer relationships change in middle childhood?

Answer 56

Peer acceptance and friendships become critical for self-esteem.

Question 57

What are common challenges faced by rejected children?

Answer 57

Higher risks of loneliness, depression, and academic difficulties.

Question 58

How does prosocial behavior develop in this stage?

Answer 58

Through empathy and moral reasoning.

Question 59

What role do parents play in social development?

Answer 59

Providing emotional support and modeling healthy relationships.

Question 60

How does bullying impact children’s development?

Answer 60

It can lead to long-term emotional and psychological harm.