Lesson 5: Middle and Late Childhood Flashcards
What is the typical annual weight and height gain for children aged 6-11?
Children typically gain about 5-7 pounds and grow 2-3 inches annually.
What physical changes occur during middle and late childhood?
Children slim down, gain muscle strength, and improve lung capacity.
At what age does the growth spurt before puberty begin for girls and boys?
For girls, it begins around age 9, and for boys around age 11.
How do gross motor skills differ between boys and girls in this stage?
Boys typically outperform girls in gross motor skills.
What brain regions show significant growth between ages 6 and 8?
Fine motor skills and eye-hand coordination improve due to growth in the brain’s association areas.
How many children in the U.S. participate in organized soccer?
Nearly 3 million children.
What are the benefits of sports participation for children?
Improved physical and emotional development, better academic performance, and higher satisfaction with life.
Why do some children drop out of organized sports?
The most common reason is that they no longer find it fun.
How does specialization in one sport affect injury risk?
Specialization increases the risk of injury compared to playing multiple sports.
What percentage of children drop out of organized sports without trained coaches?
About 30% drop out, compared to only 5% with trained coaches.
What is the Body Mass Index (BMI) threshold for overweight children?
A BMI at or above the 85th percentile.
What cognitive impairments are associated with obesity in children?
Deficits in executive functioning, working memory, and decision-making.
What term describes parents’ inability to recognize their child’s obesity?
“Oblivobesity.”
How can aerobic exercise benefit overweight children?
It improves cognitive functioning and impulse control.
What is the recommended parental approach to supporting overweight children?
Being warm and supportive without emphasizing shame or guilt.
What stage of Piaget’s theory applies to ages 7-11?
The Concrete Operational Stage.
What is conservation in cognitive development?
Understanding that changing an object’s appearance does not change its quantity.
What is decentration?
The ability to focus on multiple aspects of a situation simultaneously.
How does inductive reasoning function in this stage?
It involves making generalizations based on specific observations.
What is seriation?
Arranging items in a quantitative order, such as by length or weight.
What memory strategy involves creating rhymes or acronyms?
Mnemonics.
What is metacognition?
Awareness and regulation of one’s own thought processes.
What causes utilization deficiencies in memory strategies?
The strategy may initially consume cognitive resources, reducing performance.
How does working memory improve during middle childhood?
Through increased processing speed and the ability to inhibit irrelevant information.
What is selective attention?
The ability to focus on relevant information while ignoring distractions.
By fifth grade, what is the average vocabulary size of a child?
Approximately 40,000 words.
What is the difference between bilingualism and monolingualism?
Bilingualism involves understanding and using two languages, while monolingualism involves only one.
How do bilingual children benefit cognitively?
They have better problem-solving skills and cognitive flexibility.
What is a fluency disorder?
A disorder affecting the flow of speech, such as stuttering.
What causes articulation disorders?
Difficulty in producing speech sounds due to issues with lips, tongue, or throat.
What is the general intelligence factor (g)?
A construct that underlies abilities measured by intelligence tests.
What are the three components of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?
Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.
What is Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?
A theory proposing eight distinct types of intelligences, including linguistic and kinesthetic.
What type of intelligence is associated with “street smarts”?
Practical intelligence.
How does Gardner’s theory influence education?
How does Gardner’s theory influence education?
What does the Flynn effect describe?
The rise in IQ scores over recent decades.
How is IQ calculated?
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.
What is the most widely used intelligence test for adults?
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS).
How does the WAIS-IV assess intelligence?
By evaluating verbal, perceptual, working memory, and processing speed.
What is the significance of standardization in intelligence testing?
It ensures tests are reliable and valid across populations.
What does the ecological systems model emphasize?
The interaction of individual, family, and cultural contexts in development.
How can parental involvement influence academic success?
By providing support and maintaining communication with teachers.
What is the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)?
A U.S. law aiming to expand educational opportunities and improve student outcomes.
What is “family capital”?
The power derived from socioeconomic advantages to support a child’s education.
How do cultural differences affect classroom behavior?
Variations in communication styles, eye contact, and social distance can lead to misunderstandings.
What is dyslexia?
A learning disability affecting reading and phonological processing.
What is dysgraphia?
A writing disability involving difficulty with spelling, handwriting, or forming letters.
What is dyscalculia?
A learning disability affecting math skills.
What is ADHD?
A condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
What role does dopamine play in ADHD?
Reduced dopamine activity is linked to motivation and reward deficits.
What IQ score is often associated with giftedness?
An IQ of 130 or higher.
What is the prevalence of intellectual disabilities in the U.S.?
Approximately 1% of the population.
What is Down syndrome?
A chromosomal disorder caused by an extra 21st chromosome.
How do gifted children differ socially from stereotypes?
They often have above-average social skills and relationships.
What is the “normal distribution” in intelligence scores?
A bell curve where most scores cluster around the average.
How do peer relationships change in middle childhood?
Peer acceptance and friendships become critical for self-esteem.
What are common challenges faced by rejected children?
Higher risks of loneliness, depression, and academic difficulties.
How does prosocial behavior develop in this stage?
Through empathy and moral reasoning.
What role do parents play in social development?
Providing emotional support and modeling healthy relationships.
How does bullying impact children’s development?
It can lead to long-term emotional and psychological harm.
