Lesson 5 Flashcards
What is the difference between the skull and cranium?
The skull includes the mandible whereas the cranium does not
The calvaria is colloqually called the ___
Skullcap
What does the cranium include?
The calvaria (skullcap) and cranial base (facial skeleton)
What are the 3 cranial fossa?
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Which cranial fossa extends from the frontal bone to the sphenoid bone?
The anterior cranial fossa
Which cranial fossa extends from the sphenoid bone to the temporal bone?
The middle cranial fossa
Which cranial fossa extends from the temporal bone to the occipital bone?
The posterior cranial fossa
What 3 bones make up the anterior cranial fossa?
The frontal bone, ethmoid bone, and sphenoid bone
In the anterior cranial fossa, the frontal bone is marked by ___
The frontal crest
In the anterior cranial fossa, what does the frontal crest in the frontal bone act as a site of attachment for?
The falx cerebri
What is the falx cerebri, what bone and fossa is it found in, and what is it attached to?
A sheet of dura mater that divides the hemispheres in the frontal bone of the anterior cranial fossa and is attached to the frontal crest
In the anterior cranial fossa, the ethmoid bone is marked by ___
The crista galli
In the anterior cranial fossa, what does the crista galli in the ethmoid bone act as a site of attachment for?
The falx cerebri
In the anterior cranial fossa, what is on both sides of the crista galli in the ethmoid bone?
The cribiform plate
In the anterior cranial fossa, what does the cribiform plate in the ethmoid bone support?
The olfactory bulb
In the anterior cranial fossa, what cranial nerve does the foramina of the cribiform plate in the ethmoid bone transmit?
The olfactory nerve (I) into the nasal cavity
What are foramina?
Openings that transmit vessels and nerves
In the anterior cranial fossa, what does the anterior clinoid processes in the sphenoid bone act as a site of attachment for?
The tentorium cerebelli
What is the tentorium cerebelli, what bone and fossa is it found in, and what is it attached to?
A sheet of dura mater that divides the cerebrum from the cerebellum in the sphenoid bone of the anterior cranial fossa and is attached to the anterior clinoid processes
What ossicles does the middle ear contain?
The malleus, incus and stapes
In the middle cranial fossa, what transmits the optic nerves (II)?
The optic canals
In the middle cranial fossa, what cranial nerves do the optic canals transmit?
The optic nerves (II)
In the middle cranial fossa, what transmits the oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1), and abducens nerve (VI)?
The superior orbital fissure
In the middle cranial fossa, what cranial nerves does the superior orbital fissure transmit?
The oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1), and abducens nerve (VI)
What is the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1) involved in?
The sensory innervation of sinuses
Which cranial nerves innervate the extraocular muscles?
The oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), and abducens nerve (VI)
In the middle cranial fossa, what transmits the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (V2)?
The foramen rotundum
In the middle cranial fossa, what cranial nerves does the foramen rotundum transmit?
The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (V2)
What is the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (V2) involved in?
The innervation of the front/top teeth
What is the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (V3) involved in?
The innervation of the mastication muscles
In the middle cranial fossa, what cranial nerves does the foramen ovale transmit?
The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (V3)
In the middle cranial fossa, what transmits the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (V3)?
The foramen ovale
What are the trigeminal nerve’s 3 main branches?
The ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3)
In the posterior cranial fossa, what transmits the facial nerve (VII) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)?
The internal acoustic meatus
In the posterior cranial fossa, what cranial nerves does the internal acoustic meatus transmit?
The facial nerve (VII) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
What is the facial nerve (VII) involved in?
The innervation of the facial mucles for expression
What is the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) involved in?
Hearing and equilibirum
What is the 2nd largest foramen in the body and what fossa is it found in?
The foramen magnum in the posterior cranial fossa
What foramen does the brainstem travels through to become the spinal cord?
The foramen magnum
In the posterior cranial fossa, what cranial nerves and brain structures does the foramen magnum transmit?
The medulla and the spinal accessory nerve (XI) (ascending)
In the posterior cranial fossa, what transmits the medulla and the spinal accessory nerve (XI) (ascending)?
The foramen magnum
In the posterior cranial fossa, what is on both sides of the foramen magnum?
The jugular foramina
In the posterior cranial fossa, what transmits the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), and spinal accessory nerve (XI) (descending)?
The jugular foramina
In the posterior cranial fossa, what cranial nerves does the jugular foramina transmit?
The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), and spinal accessory nerve (XI) (descending)
What is the spinal accessory nerve (XI) (descending) involved in?
The innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscles and trapezius muscle
What is a skull suture?
A fibrous joint that is slightly moveable in juveniles (to allow for brain growth) and immoveable in adults
What are skull sutures like in juveniles and adults?
They are slightly moveable in juveniles and immoveable in adults
What are the 4 types of skull sutures?
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Squamous suture
Lambdoidal suture
What is the coronal suture?
A suture between the frontal bone and the 2 parietal bones
The ___suture is between the frontal bone and the 2 parietal bones
The coronal suture
What is the sagittal suture?
A suture between the 2 parietal bones
The __ suture is between the 2 parietal bones
The sagittal suture
What is the squamous suture?
A suture between the parietal bone and the temporal bone
The __suture is between the parietal bone and the temporal bone
The squamous suture
What is the lambdoidal suture?
A suture between the occipital bone and 2 parietal bones
The sutural/wormian bones are bones that some people have within a suture and they are more likely in the __ suture
The lambdoidal suture
What are the bones within a suture called?
Wormian/sutural bones
What are the wormian bones?
Bones that some people have within a suture and they are more likely in the lambdoidal suture
The __ suture is between the occipital bone and 2 parietal bones
The lambdoidal suture
What is the hard palate?
A bony plate formed mainly by maxillary bones and 2 palatine bones
What is the mandibular fossa?
The cranial portion of the TMJ
What is the cranial portion of the temporomandibular joint called?
The mandibular fossa
What articulates against the mandibular fossa allowing for the opening/closing and projecting/retracting of the mouth?
The mandibular condyle
What does the mandibular condyle articulating against the mandibular fossa allow for?
The opening/closing and projecting/retracting of the mouth
What is the styloid process?
A bone part important for muscle attachment associated with the hyoid bone and tongue muscles
What is the mastoid process?
A bone part with air cells with mucosa
What condition can result when mastoid air cells become inflamed?
Mastoiditis
Is the mastoid process longer and larger in males or females?
Males
What are the occipital condyles?
Bony outgrowths under the occipital bone that articulate with the first cervical vertebrae and are important for nodding
What are the first cervical vertebrae (C1) called?
Atlas
What are the occipital condyles important for?
Nodding
What articulates with the first cervical vertebrae and are important for nodding?
The occipital condyles
What is the zygomatic arch?
A connection between the zygomatic bone and temporal bone
What is the name of the connection between the zygomatic and temporal bones?
The zygomatic arch
What is the external acoustic meatus colloqually known as?
The ear canal
What does the external acoustic meatus do?
Funnels sound waves to the middle ear then tympanic membrane/ear drum then inner ear
The external acoustic meatus funnels sound waves to the __ then __then __
External acoustic meatus/ear canal–> middle ear–> tympanic membrane/ear drum–> inner ear
What is the tympanic membrane colloqually known as?
The ear drum
What is the articular imminence/tubercle?
A bump on the zygomatic process important for protecting the TMJ
What is important for protecting the TMJ?
The articular immninence/tubercle
When the TMJ is dislocated, what does the mandible moves to?
The articular imminence/tubercle
What are the orbits?
The bony sockets that house the eyeballs
Within the orbits, there is a small portion of the __ and __bones
The ethmoid and sphenoid bones
What are the supraorbital margins colloqually known as?
The brow ridges
What are the zygomatic bones colloqually known as?
The cheekbones
What are the maxillary bones?
The largest facial bones that form some of the inferior portions of the orbit and house the maxillary/upper teeth
What are the largest facial bones?
The maxillary bones
What bones house the upper teeth?
The maxillary bones
What is the smallest facial bone?
The lacrimal bone
What is the lacrimal bone?
The smallest facial bone where tears collect and evaporate or drain into the nasal meatus
Where do tears form?
The lacrimal gland
Where do tears collect?
The lacrimal bone
Where do tears drain into from the lacrimal bone?
The nasal meatus
Where do tears collect from the lacrimal gland?
The lacrimal bone
What is the nasal septum?
A bony and cartilaginous structure composed of the ethmoid bone, the volmer bone, and cartilage
What bones is the nasal septum made up of?
The ethmoid and volmer bones
What is the ramus?
The vertical part of the mandible
What is the coronoid process?
The distal attachment of the temporalis muscle
What is the distal attachment of the temporalis muscle called?
The coronoid process
What is the mandibular condyle?
The process that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
What is the mandibular condyle involved in?
The jaw’s movement in the TMJ
What is the mental foramen?
The opening through which the mental nerve exits the mandible
What is the opening through which the mental nerve exits the mandible called?
The mental foramen
What cranial nerve is the mental nerve a branch of?
One of the branches of the inferior alveolar nerve, which is a branch of the trigeminal nerve’s mandibular division (V3)
What is the mandibular foramen?
The opening through which the inferior alveolar nerve enters
What is the opening through which the inferior alveolar nerve enters?
The mandibular foramen
What cranial nerve is the inferior alveolar nerve a branch of?
The trigeminal nerve’s mandibular division (V3)
What is the inferior alveolar nerve involved in?
The sensory innervation of the mandibular teeth
What is the mylohyoid muscle?
The muscle that forms the mouth floor
What muscle forms the mouth floor?
The mylohyoid muscle
What are the different teeth types?
Incisors
Canines
Premolars/bicuspids
Molars
How do juvenile teeth differ from adult teeth?
Juveniles do not have a third molar/wisdom teeth and premolars/bicuspids
What are the third molars colloqually known as?
Wisdom teeth
What parts of the vertebral column are moveable?
Cervical/neck
Thoracic/chest+upper back
Lumbar/lower back
What makes some parts of the vertebral column moveable?
Intervertebral discs between the vertebrae
What parts of the vertebral column are immoveable?
Sacral/pelvis
Coccygeal/tailbone
What body parts make up the vertebral column?
Cervical is the __ portion of the vertebral column
Thoracic is the __
Lumbar is the __
Sacral is the __
Coccygeal is the ___
Cervical/neck
Thoracic/chest+upper back
Lumbar/lower back
Sacral/pelvis
Coccygeal/tailbone
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
What are the first cervical vertebrae (C1) and second cervical vertebrae (C2) involved in?
C1 allows nodding
C2 allows shaking side to side
Cervical vertebrae only have __foramina through which the __ artery ascends to the brain
Transverse foramina; subclavian artery
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
What vertebrae have costal facets?
Thoracic vertebrae
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
5
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
4
What are the two primary curvatures?
Thoracic and sacral
Why do the thoracic and sacral vertebrae make up the primary curvatures?
B/c they occur in utero
What are the two secondary curvatures?
Cervical and lumbar
Why do the cervical and lumbar vertebrae make up the secondary curvatures?
B/c cervical vertebrae occur with being able to hold the head up
B/c lumbar vertebrae occur with being able to walk
The__ foramen are where the spinal cord travels through whereas the ___foramen are where the spinal nerves exit
Vertebral foramen; Intervertebral foramen
What is the sternum colloqually known as?
The breast bone
What are the 3 parts of the sternum?
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
What is the manubrium?
The most superior portion of the sternum
What is the most superior portion of the sternum called?
The manubrium
What part of the sternum has the jugular and clavicular notches?
The manubrium
The manubrium has the __ and __ notches
The jugular and clavicular notches
What is the middle most portion of the sternum?
The body
What is the largest portion of the sternum?
The body
What is the most inferior portion of the sternum?
The xiphoid process
What is the smallest portion of the sternum?
The xiphoid process
What is the xiphoid process?
The most inferior and smallest portion of the sternum
What portion of the sternum is variable from person to person?
The xiphoid process
How many ribs are there?
24 in total, 12 on either side of the body
What is an articulation?
A location where 2 or more bones meet and join.
What is an articulation also known as?
A joint
What is innervation?
The process of providing nerves to a specific body part or structure
How many of the ribs articulate with the sternum via the costal cartilage?
10
What do the ribs articulate with?
The sternum
How do the ribs articulate with the sternum?
Via the costal cartilage
Which ribs are floating ribs?
11 and 12
