Lesson 4

Question 1

How do bones change with age?

Answer 1

They lose mass and become brittle

Question 2

Why do bones lose their mass with age?

Answer 2

Because of demineralization.

Question 3

What age-related process is quicker: loss of bone mass or bone brittleness?

Answer 3

Bones lose their mass quicker than they become brittle

Question 3

Why do bones become brittle with age?

Answer 3

Because osteoblasts slow down with aging resulting in slower collagen production which affects bone flexibility.

Question 4

How can you slow down the effects of aging on the skeletal system?

Answer 4

By doing weight-bearing exercises

Question 5

How does doing weight-bearing exercises slow down the effects of aging on the skeletal system?

Answer 5

Doing weight bearing exercises increases mineral salt deposition and collagen by amping up osteoblast activity.

Question 6

What bone cells does osteoporosis affect and what impact does that have on the spongy bone?

Answer 6

Affects osteoblasts resulting in spongy bone regions with large holes

Question 7

Osteoporosis happens when new bone is not being replaced by ___while bone is being broken due to ___

Answer 7

Osteoblasts; osteoclasts

Question 8

What are the symptoms of osteoporosis?

Answer 8

Stress fractures resulting in bone pain and kyphosis

Question 9

What is kyphosis?

Answer 9

Hunched back

Question 10

How does kyphosis happen with osteoporosis?

Answer 10

When stress fractures happen in the vertebrae, the vertebrae shrink=kyphosis

Question 11

When vertebrae shrink from stress fractures in the vertebrae, what can result?

Answer 11

Kyphosis

Question 12

What type of bone is the vertebrae mostly composed of?

Answer 12

Spongy

Question 13

Who does osteoporosis affect more?

Answer 13

Middle aged and elderly people

Women

People with a family history

People with European or Asian ancestry

People who have an inactive lifestyle

Question 14

Why does osteoporosis affect more females than males?

Answer 14

Because females have a smaller body build and with that, less spongy bone and estrogen production slows down

Question 15

People with __ or __ ancestry are more affected by osteoporosis

Answer 15

European or Asian ancestry

Question 16

What minerals affect bone growth?

Answer 16

Ca, P, Mg, Mn, F

Question 17

How do minerals affect bone growth?

Answer 17

Harden the bone

Question 18

What vitamins affect bone growth?

Answer 18

C and D

Question 19

How does vitamin C affect bone growth?

Answer 19

Involved in collagen synthesis

Question 20

What vitamin is involved in collagen synthesis?

Answer 20

C

Question 21

What vitamin affects the kidneys?

Answer 21

D

Question 22

What organ makes the active form of vitamin D?

Answer 22

Kidneys

Question 23

What is the active form of vitamin D?

Answer 23

Calcitrol

Question 24

What hormones affect bone growth?

Answer 24

Calcitonin (CT), parathyroid hormone (PTH), estrogen, testosterone, human growth hormone (HGH)

Question 25

How does calcitonin affect bone growth?

Answer 25

Involved in increasing osteoblast activity

Question 26

What hormone is involved in increasing osteoblast actvity?

Answer 26

Calcitonin

Question 27

What gland releases calcitonin?

Answer 27

Thryoid gland

Question 28

How does PTH affect bone growth?

Answer 28

Involved in increasing osteoclast activity

Question 29

What hormone is involved in increasing osteoclast actvity?

Answer 29

PTH

Question 30

What gland releases HGH?

Answer 30

Pituitary gland

Question 31

How does estrogen and testosterone affect bone growth?

Answer 31

Involved in osteoblast secretion

Question 32

When HGH is overproduced, what happens?

Answer 32

Gigantism

Question 33

When HGH is underproduced, what happens?

Answer 33

Dwarfism

Question 34

What hormone is involved in gigantism and dwarfism?

Answer 34

HGH

Question 35

True or false: Stress fractures are major and comminuted or compound fractures are minor

Answer 35

False. Stress fractures are minor, but can lead to more severe comminuted or compound fractures

Question 36

What happens to vasculature when a bone is fractured?

Answer 36

Blood vessels break and blood fills where the fracture is resulting in a hematoma

Question 37

How are bone fractures repaired?

Answer 37

Osteoclasts break down unnecessary bone fragments Osteoblasts secrete ECM Fibrocartilaginous callus (intermediate made within hours of a fracture) forms and is there until there is bone

Question 38

After a bone fracture occurs, what intermediate forms before new bone appears?

Answer 38

Fibrocartilaginous callus

Question 39

How quickly does fibrocartilaginous callus form after a fracture?

Answer 39

Within hours

Question 40

Where are the 2 most common places for fractures to occur?

Answer 40

In the ankle (Pott's) and in the wrist (Colles')

Question 41

Is a Colles' or Pott's fracture more common?

Answer 41

A Colles' (wrist) fracture

Question 42

What is the name of a fracture that occurs at the distal end of the radius?

Answer 42

Colles' fracture

Question 43

Where does a Colles' fracture happen?

Answer 43

At the distal end of the radius

Question 44

Can a Colles' or a Pott's fracture lead to the fracture of certain carpal bones?

Answer 44

Colles' fracture

Question 45

What is the name of a fracture that occurs at 1 or both of the malleolus?

Answer 45

Pott's fracture

Question 46

Where does a Potts' fracture happen?

Answer 46

At the lateral malleolus or in more extreme cases, the medial malleolus

Question 47

What are some different types of fractures?

Answer 47

Comminuted Complete: open or closed Impact Greenstick

Question 48

Which fractures are the most severe?

Answer 48

Comminuted

Question 49

What is a comminuted fracture?

Answer 49

A fracture where the bone fragments into more than 2 pieces

Question 50

What is the name of a fracture that results in a bone fragmenting into more than 2 pieces?

Answer 50

Comminuted

Question 51

Which fracture is the 2nd most severe?

Answer 51

Complete

Question 52

Where do complete fractures typically occur?

Answer 52

In the shaft or necks of long bones

Question 53

What are the 2 types of complete fractures called?

Answer 53

Open and closed

Question 54

What is a complete fracture?

Answer 54

A fracture where the bone completely separates into 2 bone fragments

Question 55

What is the name of a fracture that results in a bone fragmenting into 2 pieces?

Answer 55

Complete

Question 56

What is an open fracture and what category of fractures does it fall into?

Answer 56

A fracture where the bone completely separates into 2 fragments and one of the fragments extends outside the skin Complete

Question 57

Which complete fracture is more severe: open or closed?

Answer 57

Open

Question 58

What is an impact fracture?

Answer 58

A fracture where one bone fragment is pushed with high velocity into the second bone fragment

Question 59

What is a closed fracture and what category of fractures does it fall into?

Answer 59

A fracture where the bone completely separates into 2 fragments and both of the fragments stay inside the skin Complete

Question 60

What is the name of a fracture that results in one bone fragment being pushed with high velocity into a second bone fragment?

Answer 60

Impact

Question 61

What is a greenstick fracture?

Answer 61

A fracture where there is an incomplete bone fragment with bending on the opposite side of the fragment

Question 62

What is the name of a fracture that results in an incomplete bone fragment with bending on the opposite side of the fragment?

Answer 62

Greenstick

Question 63

When does a greenstick fragment happen?

Answer 63

When bone development is still occurring in juveniles