Lesson 4 Flashcards
How do bones change with age?
They lose mass and become brittle
Why do bones lose their mass with age?
Because of demineralization.
What age-related process is quicker: loss of bone mass or bone brittleness?
Bones lose their mass quicker than they become brittle
Why do bones become brittle with age?
Because osteoblasts slow down with aging resulting in slower collagen production which affects bone flexibility.
How can you slow down the effects of aging on the skeletal system?
By doing weight-bearing exercises
How does doing weight-bearing exercises slow down the effects of aging on the skeletal system?
Doing weight bearing exercises increases mineral salt deposition and collagen by amping up osteoblast activity.
What bone cells does osteoporosis affect and what impact does that have on the spongy bone?
Affects osteoblasts resulting in spongy bone regions with large holes
Osteoporosis happens when new bone is not being replaced by ___while bone is being broken due to ___
Osteoblasts; osteoclasts
What are the symptoms of osteoporosis?
Stress fractures resulting in bone pain and kyphosis
What is kyphosis?
Hunched back
How does kyphosis happen with osteoporosis?
When stress fractures happen in the vertebrae, the vertebrae shrink=kyphosis
When vertebrae shrink from stress fractures in the vertebrae, what can result?
Kyphosis
What type of bone is the vertebrae mostly composed of?
Spongy
Who does osteoporosis affect more?
Middle aged and elderly people
Women
People with a family history
People with European or Asian ancestry
People who have an inactive lifestyle
Why does osteoporosis affect more females than males?
Because females have a smaller body build and with that, less spongy bone and estrogen production slows down
People with __ or __ ancestry are more affected by osteoporosis
European or Asian ancestry
What minerals affect bone growth?
Ca, P, Mg, Mn, F
How do minerals affect bone growth?
Harden the bone
What vitamins affect bone growth?
C and D
How does vitamin C affect bone growth?
Involved in collagen synthesis
What vitamin is involved in collagen synthesis?
C
What vitamin affects the kidneys?
D
What organ makes the active form of vitamin D?
Kidneys
What is the active form of vitamin D?
Calcitrol
What hormones affect bone growth?
Calcitonin (CT), parathyroid hormone (PTH), estrogen, testosterone, human growth hormone (HGH)
How does calcitonin affect bone growth?
Involved in increasing osteoblast activity
What hormone is involved in increasing osteoblast actvity?
Calcitonin
What gland releases calcitonin?
Thryoid gland
How does PTH affect bone growth?
Involved in increasing osteoclast activity
What hormone is involved in increasing osteoclast actvity?
PTH
What gland releases HGH?
Pituitary gland
How does estrogen and testosterone affect bone growth?
Involved in osteoblast secretion
When HGH is overproduced, what happens?
Gigantism
When HGH is underproduced, what happens?
Dwarfism
What hormone is involved in gigantism and dwarfism?
HGH
True or false: Stress fractures are major and comminuted or compound fractures are minor
False. Stress fractures are minor, but can lead to more severe comminuted or compound fractures
What happens to vasculature when a bone is fractured?
Blood vessels break and blood fills where the fracture is resulting in a hematoma
How are bone fractures repaired?
Osteoclasts break down unnecessary bone fragments
Osteoblasts secrete ECM
Fibrocartilaginous callus (intermediate made within hours of a fracture) forms and is there until there is bone
After a bone fracture occurs, what intermediate forms before new bone appears?
Fibrocartilaginous callus
How quickly does fibrocartilaginous callus form after a fracture?
Within hours
Where are the 2 most common places for fractures to occur?
In the ankle (Pott’s) and in the wrist (Colles’)
Is a Colles’ or Pott’s fracture more common?
A Colles’ (wrist) fracture
What is the name of a fracture that occurs at the distal end of the radius?
Colles’ fracture
Where does a Colles’ fracture happen?
At the distal end of the radius
What is the radius?
A forearm bone that stretches from the elbow to the wrist
Can a Colles’ or a Pott’s fracture lead to the fracture of certain carpal bones?
Colles’ fracture
What are the carpal bones?
8 wrist bones that connect the hand to the forearm
What is the name of a fracture that occurs at 1 or both of the malleolus?
Pott’s fracture
Where does a Potts’ fracture happen?
At the lateral malleolus or in more extreme cases, the medial malleolus
What is the lateral malleolus?
The distal end of the fibula (calf bone)
What is the fibula
The calf bone
What is the medial malleolus?
The distal end of the tibia (shin bone)
What is the tibia?
The shin bone
What are some different types of fractures?
Comminuted
Complete: open or closed
Impact
Greenstick
Which fractures are the most severe?
Comminuted
What is a comminuted fracture?
A fracture where the bone fragments into more than 2 pieces
What is the name of a fracture that results in a bone fragmenting into more than 2 pieces?
Comminuted
Which fracture is the 2nd most severe?
Complete
Where do complete fractures typically occur?
In the shaft or necks of long bones
What are the 2 types of complete fractures called?
Open and closed
What is a complete fracture?
A fracture where the bone completely separates into 2 bone fragments
What is the name of a fracture that results in a bone fragmenting into 2 pieces?
Complete
What is an open fracture and what category of fractures does it fall into?
A fracture where the bone completely separates into 2 fragments and one of the fragments extends outside the skin
Complete
Which complete fracture is more severe: open or closed?
Open
What is an impact fracture?
A fracture where one bone fragment is pushed with high velocity into the second bone fragment
What is a closed fracture and what category of fractures does it fall into?
A fracture where the bone completely separates into 2 fragments and both of the fragments stay inside the skin
Complete
What is the name of a fracture that results in one bone fragment being pushed with high velocity into a second bone fragment?
Impact
What is a greenstick fracture?
A fracture where there is an incomplete bone fragment with bending on the opposite side of the fragment
What is the name of a fracture that results in an incomplete bone fragment with bending on the opposite side of the fragment?
Greenstick
When does a greenstick fragment happen?
When bone development is still occurring in juveniles
