Lesson 5

Question 1

• studies organisms, including plants, animals and micro-organisms, and classifies them into groups.

Answer 1

Taxonomists

Question 2

• focuses on the features of the species in order to determine which taxonomic group the species belong to

Answer 2

Classifications

Question 3

• focuses on the common ancestor/evolutionary origin of the species to determine which is the most recent common ancestor of the taxonomic group.

Answer 3

Systematization

Question 4

Designed the hierarchical classification system we still use today

Answer 4

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 5

• major groups of organisms
• can be subdivided into superclass, suborder, etc.

Answer 5

Taxa

Question 6

• includes two part scientific name
• system that Carolus Linnaeus developed

Answer 6

Binomial nomenclature

Question 7

• evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Answer 7

Phylogeny

Question 8

• inferred by identifying organismal features, characters, that vary among species

Answer 8

Phylogenies

Question 9

• phylogenic characters

Answer 9

M.C.M.B or E. H

Question 10

• give valuable information which helps taxonomists to a great extent. (Physical characteristics)

Answer 10

Morphological Characteristic

Question 11

• 2nd characteristics in phylogenies

Answer 11

Chromosomal characteristics

Question 12

• 3rd characteristics of phylogenies

Answer 12

Molecular characteristics

Question 13

• the features that define the relationships that exist between living organisms and their physical environment in a defined space

Answer 13

Behavioural or ecological characteristics

Question 14

• last characteristics of phylogenies

Answer 14

Homology

Question 15

• shared characters that result from common ancenstry

Answer 15

Homologous characters

Question 16

• also called convergent evolution

Answer 16

Homoplasy

Question 17

• are shared characteristics that are not a result of common ancestry
• they are not homologous

Answer 17

Homoplasies

Question 18

• occurs when natural selection produces similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

Answer 18

Convergent evolution

Question 19

• homologous structure that is older than the branching of a particular clade
• shared by more than just the taxon trying to be defined

Answer 19

Shared primitive character

Question 20

• a new evolutionary feature, unique to a particular group

Answer 20

Shared derived character

Question 21

• form of the character that was present in the common ancestor of the group

Answer 21

Ancestral character state

Question 22

• variations of the character that arose are called ______.

Answer 22

Derived character states

Question 23

• determined using outgroup comparison

Answer 23

Polarity

Question 24

• closely related, but not part of the group being examined

Answer 24

Outgroup

Question 25

• one that is found in both the study group and out group

Answer 25

Ancestral character

Question 26

• groups that are found in the study groups but not in the out groups

Answer 26

Derived character

Question 27

• group that share derived characters and form a subset within a larger group
• a unit of common evolutionary descent

Answer 27

Clade

Question 28

• derive character that is shared by all the members of the clade

Answer 28

Synamorphy

Question 29

• the ancestral character states for a taxon

Answer 29

Plesiomorphic

Question 30

• shared ancestral characters
• do not provide useful information for forming a nested series of clades

Answer 30

Symplesiomorphies/cs

Question 31

• hierarchy of clades can be shown as a _____ that is based on synapomorphies

Answer 31

Cladogram

Question 32

• consists of the ancestors species and all its descendants

Answer 32

Monophylic

Question 33

• consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

Answer 33

Paraphyletic

Question 34

• a clade that includes many species that lack a common ancestor

Answer 34

Polyphyletic

Question 35

• also called phylogenetic systematics
• taxonomic theory that is based on cladograms

Answer 35

Cladistics

Question 36

• based on common descent in the amount of evolutionary change to rank higher taxa
• sometimes this type of classification includes paraphyletic groupings

Answer 36

Evolutionary taxonomy

Question 37

• a pair of taxa that are most closely related to each other

Answer 37

Sister groups