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FNGLA - FCHP/FCLT > LESSON 4 - PLANT/SOIL/WATER RELATIONSHIPS > Flashcards

LESSON 4 - PLANT/SOIL/WATER RELATIONSHIPS Flashcards

1
Q

1)In__ M__ 2) Or__ M__ 3) Wa__ 4)Ai_ 5)Li__ O__

What is soil composed of?

(5)

A

1) Inorganic Material
2) Organic Material
3) Water
4) Air
5) Living Organisms

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2
Q

S__ T__

What is the MOST important soil characteristic?

A

Soil Texture

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3
Q

Si__ and Di__ of in__.

Soil Texture refers to the proportionate size and__.

A

Distribution of inorganic mineral soil particles found in natural soil.

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4
Q

1) Cl__ 2) Si__ 3) Sa__

What are the 3 main particles found in soil?

A

1) Clay
2) Silt
3) Sand

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5
Q

List the 3 main particles in soil from SMALLEST TO LARGEST.

A

1) Clay
2) Silt
3) Sand

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6
Q

Loams have properties resulting from about __ influences of __, __, and __.

A

Loams have properties resulting from about equal influences of sand, silt, and clay.

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7
Q

Soil Texture determines the rate __ drains through saturated soil.

A

Water

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8
Q

1) Re__ , 2) Ho__ 3) Inf__

Soil Amendments are added to soil to improve water 1) __, nutrient 2) __ capacity, permeability, water 3) __, drainage, aeration, and structure.

A

Soil Amendments are added to soil to improve water retention, nutrient holding capacity, permeability, water infiltration, drainage, aeration, and structure.

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9
Q

1) Co__, 2) Pe__, 3) Wo__

3 types of organic materials are __, __, and __

A

1) Composts
2) Peat
3) Wood

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10
Q

Organic Matter should be applied at a depth of 1 to 1) __ inches AND incorporated uniformly into the top 2) _ inches of soil.

A

1) 1 to 3 inches
2) 6 inches of soil

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11
Q

Wa__ Ho__ Ca__ // Im__ Dr__ // Ae__

What do inorganic amendments approve in the soil?

(3)

A

1) Water Holding Capacity
2) Improve drainage
3) Aeration

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12
Q

1) Op__ 2) So__

Soil Porosity refers to the amount of pore or 1)__ space between 2)__ particles.

A

Soil Porosity refers to the amount of pore or 1) open space between 2) soil particles.

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13
Q

1) Si__ 2) Sh__ 3) As__

Porosity is largely influenced by factors of grain __, __, and __.

A

1) Size
2) Shape
3) Assortment

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14
Q

1) Ag__ 2) Co__ 3) Pe__

Soil Structure is the way soil particles 1)__ or 2)__ together into units called 3)__.

A

Soil Structure is the way soil particles 1) aggregate or 2) come together into units called 3) peds.

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15
Q

Does higher soil temperature cause higher or lower seed germination and plant growth?

A

Higher temperature

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16
Q

Roots from many species perform poorly when soil temperature drop below __ Degrees F.

*Due to reduced ability to transport necessary things*

A

60 Degrees F

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17
Q

What does RED soil indicate?

A

Accumulation of Iron Oxides under GOOD Aeration and GOOD Oxygenation

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18
Q

What does YELLOW soil indicate?

A

Accumulation of Iron Oxides under POOR Oxygen conditions

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19
Q

What does GRAY soil indicate?

A

Iron Oxide accumulation under conditions of BOTH LOW oxygen and aeration.

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20
Q

What does WHITE soil indicate?

A

Presence of Carbonates AND Magnesium

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21
Q

1) Cl__ 2) Hu__

Colloids are very SMALL particles of 1) __ and 2) __.

A

1) Clay
2) Humus

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22
Q

Mottling Soil indicates fluctuating conditions in the __ table.

A

Water Table

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23
Q

1) Cl__ 2) Hu__ 3) Ne__

1)__ and 2)__ are 3)__ charged and are sites of MOST chemical reactions

A

1) Clay
2) Humus
3) Negatively

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24
Q

C/N Ratio is an indicator of how fast __ will come available for plant use.

A

Nitrogen

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25
Q

As organic matter decomposes – 1)__ is released to the atmosphere leaving more 2)__ for plants to use for growth.

A

1) Carbon
2) Nitrogen

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26
Q

Residues with C/N Ratio at or below _:_ OR LESS has adequate nitrogen to feed microorganisms and plant growth.

A

20:1

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27
Q

1) Nu__ 2) Le__

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) measures the soil’s ability to retain 1)__ against 2)__.

A

1) Nutrients
2) Leaching

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28
Q

Cations are 1)__ charged particles and are adsorbed (retained) to 2)__ charged sites on clay and 3)__.

A

1) Positively
2) Negatively
3) Humus

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29
Q

Soils with high CEC = are __ fertile

A

MORE

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30
Q

Soil PH is a measure of the % of __ ion concentration.

A

Hydrogen Ion Concentration (H+)

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31
Q

The median PH for soil in Florida is __.

A

6.1 - Acidic

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32
Q

1) P__ 2) Fl__woods

Sandy soils under 1)__ 2)__woods and organic soils can be acidic.

BECAUSE OF LEACHING - WELL DRAINED SOILS = ACIDITY

A

1) Pine
2) Flatwoods

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33
Q

Coastal soils and soils in South Florida are considered to be __ soils.

A

Alkaline Soils

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34
Q

Optimum PH for most plants is between _._ PH and _._ PH.

A

5.5 - 7.0

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35
Q

What does dolomite consist of?

A

Contains both Calcium and Magnesium

36
Q

1) Calcium Ca__ 2) Do__ 3) Hydrated Li__

To raise PH of soil (acid to base) add calcium 1)__, 2)__, or Hydrated 3)__.

A

1) Calcium Carbonate
2) Dolomite
3) Hydrated Lime

37
Q

What is a plant buffering capacity?

A

The ability of a soil to resist a change of PH

38
Q

The Sulfur Application should not exceed __ pound per 100 square feet

A

1 pound per 100 square feet

39
Q

Two separate applications of sulfur should be made __ days apart.

A

60 days apart

40
Q

Soluble Salts refer to 100% of the dissolved inorganic __ (ions) present in soil water.

A

Inorganic Solutes (Ions)

41
Q

High levels of Soluble Salt reduce __ uptake by plants and cause the burning of foliage.

A

Reduce water uptake by plants

42
Q

Measurement of the __ (EC) of soil is an indication of the concentration of soluble salts.

A

Electrical Conductivity

43
Q

What is the unit of mmhos/cm represent?

A

Electrical Conductivity

44
Q

Elevated Electrical Conductivity (EC) reading (mmhos/cm) - is greater than __ to 2.0

*Therefore the water should be mixed with a HIGHER quality of water*

A

Greater than 1.5 to 2.0 mmhos/cm

45
Q

__ (flushing) of soil with pure water is the solution to soils with HIGH Electrical Conductivity (EC).

A

Leaching(flushing)

46
Q

Sub__

Plants in pots are called medium or __.

A

Substrate

47
Q

1) Ph__ Support 2) Ad__ Water

Container mediums are used to 1)__ support, supply adequate 2)__, water, and nutrients.

A

1) Physically Support
2) Supply Adequate Oxygen

48
Q

Water held in pore spaces is known as __ Action.

A

Capillary

49
Q

What is water to water molecules sticking together called?

A

Cohesion

50
Q

What is water molecules sticking to OTHER molecules called?

A

Adhesion

51
Q

Capillary Action occurs because 1)__ molecules stick to each other (cohesion) AND those water molecules are attracted to 2)__ molecules (adhesion) and held in the pore space.

A

1) Water molecules
2) Other molecules

52
Q

*A taller soil container results in a 1)__ drainage rate because of increased gravity.

*Shorter columns drain 2)__ and hold more 3)__.

A

1) Increased
2) Slowly
3) Water

53
Q

1) Re__ 2) Se__ 3) Co__

Compaction refers to the 1)__ in container medium caused by 2)__ or 3)__.

A

1) Reduction
2) Settling
3) Compression

54
Q

1) Po__ 2) Pa__ 3) Im__

Compaction can occur because of poor 1)__ practices, breakage of 2)__, and 3)__ of overhead irrigation.

A

1) Potting
2) Particles
3) Impact

55
Q

__ occurs as a result of media particle degradation.

A

Shrinkage

56
Q

Rapid Decay of matter results in __ media container volume.

*Lower C:N Ratio

A

Lower

57
Q

__ is the MOST COMMON growth media component.

A

Peat Moss

58
Q

1) Wa__ 2) Ai__ 3) Ca__ Ex__ 4) De__

Peat Moss has high 1)__ holding capacity, adequate 2)__ space, high 3)__ 3)__ capacity, and resistance to 4)__.

A

1) Water
2) Air
3) Cation Exchange
4) Decay

59
Q

Sp__

1)__ peat is the preferred peat for greenhouses

*2 Most common are 1)__ peats and Hypnum Peats

A

1) Sphagnum

60
Q

Perlite provides increased 1)__ space – THEREFORE – 2)__ drainage and aeration

A

1) Pore
2) Increased

61
Q

Perlite has LOW 1)__ holding capacity and an extremely low CEC.

A

1) Water

62
Q

1) In__ 2) Bu__

Vermiculite provides 1)__ space for air and water - Good 2)__ action - Good CEC.

A

1) Increased
2) Buffering

63
Q

Vermiculite has __ physical stability after wetting.

A

Poor

64
Q

Polystyrene Foam provides soil with 1)__ drainage, 2)__ water holding capacity, and 3)__ bulk density.

A

1) Improve
2) Increase
3) Reduce

65
Q

__ is the greatest regulator of how a plant grows.

A

Water

66
Q

__ is the total evaporative water loss from soil and the plant.

A

Evapotranspiration

67
Q

Internal water pressure is known as __ pressure.

A

Turgor

68
Q

__ is due to loss of turgor pressure due to decreased water.

A

Wilting

69
Q

The soil is at __ __ when all gravitational water has been drained and vertical movement of water due to gravity is negligible.

A

Field Capacity

70
Q

The Permanent Wilting Point is when there is no more __ to be available for plant use.

A

Water

71
Q

Water Stress occurs when water loss through 1)__ exceeds the ability to absorb 2)__ __

A

1) Transpiration
2) Soil Moisture

72
Q

1) So__ 2) Li__

The first symptom of Water Stress is when leaf and stem tissues become 1)__ and 2)__.

A

1) Soft
2) Limp

73
Q

Water Stress effects on plant color – turns plant color __-green

A

Bluish-Green

74
Q

Indicator plants show signs of water stress 1 to __ days before others.

A

1 to 2 days before others

75
Q

Determining soil moisture by touch can be done _ in below the surface.

A

1 Inch

76
Q

Light Level - Intensity is measured in foot __.

A

Foot Candles

77
Q

Ph__

The relationship of the length between day and night is known as __.

A

Photoperiod

78
Q

Li__ Du__

1)__ __ = Photoperiod

A

1) Light Duration

79
Q

Who makes the Plant Hardiness Zone Map?

A

USDA

80
Q

The PLANT HARDINESS ZONE MAP is divided into “Hardiness Zones” which are regions divided by __ degree F regions.

A

10 Degrees F

81
Q

PLANT HARDINESS ZONE MAP represents average temperatures over a __ year period.

A

30 Year Period

82
Q

Each zone in the PLANT HARDINESS ZONE MAP is divided into 1)__ Degree F A & 2)_ Half-Zones

A

1) 10 Degree F
2) A&B Half Zones

83
Q

AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY HEAT ZONE MAP is divided into __ zones.

A

12 zones

84
Q

1) Av__ 2) He__

AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY HEAT ZONE MAP zones indicate the 1)__ number of days each year a given region experiences 2)__ days.

A

1) Average
2) Heat

85
Q

Define “Heat Days” in terms of the AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY HEAT ZONE MAP.

A

Heat Days are temperatures over 86 Degrees F

FNGLA - FCHP/FCLT (12 decks)

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