LESSON 3 - PLANT BIOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
Higher or Lower?
Horticultural plants are often described as __ plants.
A
Higher
2
Q
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ phytes
What is another name for a “vascular plant”?
A
Tracheophytes
3
Q
Are “higher” plants vascular OR nonvascular?
What are “lower” plants?
A
“Higher” plants are vascular.
“Lower” plants are nonvascular.
4
Q
Do “lower” plants have true leaves, stems, or roots?
A
NO
5
Q
What is the FIRST step in the plant life cycle?
A
Seed is formed in a flower or cone and placed in an enviormentally friendly condition.
6
Q
__ begins - resulting in cell growth and division
What is the SECOND step in the plant life cycle?
A
Mitosis begins - resulting in cell division and plant growth.
7
Q
__ will emerge and grow __.
What is the THIRD step in the plant life cycle?
A
Roots will emerge and grow downward
8
Q
__ will emerge and grow __.
What is the FOURTH step in the plant life cycle?
A
Shoot will emerge and grow upwards.
9
Q
LAST Step
What is the FITH step in the plant life cycle?
A
Vegitation/Flowers/Size of plant blossoms and grows.
10
Q
Organells are embedded in a cell within a soft jelly known as __.
A
Cytoplasm
11
Q
What are the organells and the cytoplasm contained in a __.
A
Cell Membrane
12
Q
The Cell Membrane is __ permeable.
Meaning What?
A
Semi-permeable.
Controls the passage of liquids, gasses, and solids into the cell.
13
Q
Cell __
What is the outer-most layer of a plant cell?
What is its purpose?
A
Supports the plant - makes it rigid for it to grow.
14
Q
What is DNA packed in?
A
Chromosones
15
Q
What are the chromosones packed in?
A
Genes
16
Q
Does Mitosis reproduce the exact - nearly 100% match to the original?
A
YES
17
Q
Tips of __ and __. KNOWN AS MERISTEM
Where does mitosis occur in plants?
A
Tips of shoots and roots.
18
Q
Where does PRIMARY growth and elongation occur?
A
Meristem
19
Q
Does a monocot or a dicot ONLY have a cambium?
A
Dicot Plants Only
20
Q
Areas where __ division and __ take place.
What is the definition of Meristematic Areas of a plant
A
Regions of the plant where cell division and growth can take place.
21
Q
The tips of __ and __.
What is considered the Meristem?
A
The tips of shoots and roots.
22
Q
1) __ (in dicots only) 2) __ of a seed.
What are 2 other meristematic areas in a cell?
A
1) Cambium (in dicots only)
2) Embryo of a seed.
23
Q
__ reproduction
What does the Meiosis process involve?
A
Sexual Reproduction
24
Q
What results from meiosis?
A
4 daughter cells
25
# They produce a new/same? variation of the plant.
What happens when 2 daughter cells (one male/one female) combine?
They produce a completely new variation of the plant.
26
# XY\_\_ and PH\_\_
What are the **2 types** of vascular tissue?
1) XYLEM
2) PHLOEM
27
What is transported through the **XYLEM** tissue?
Water and Minerals
28
What is transported to the **PHLOEM** tissues?
Photosynthetic products
29
What is the vascular system of a **monocot** look like?
Vascular bundles distributed in irregular patterns.
30
# Vascular C\_\_
**Where** is vascular tissue formed in dicots?
Vascular Cambium
31
# 1) S\_\_\_ 2) H\_\_\_
1) What is new **XYLEM** in a tree trunk called?
2) What is **OLD** xylem called?
1) Sapwood
2) Heartwood
32
What does new **PHLOEM** form?
Bark
33
# No __ of the stem diameter
Since there is **no vascular cambium in monocots** - what happens to the plant?
No annual enlargment of the stem diameter
34
# 1) __ THE PLANT 2) __ WATER AND NUTRIENTS 3) __ EXCESS FOOD AND WATER
What are the **purposes** of the **root system**?
(3)
1) Anchor the plant
2) Absorb water and nutrients
3) Store excess food for future needs
35
# 1) Root Comparison -- 2) Root Growth
What are the differences between a **tap root** vs. a **fibrous root**?
(2)
1) *Tap* Root - 1 to 2 rapidly growing **MAIN/Non-Branching** roots
* Fibrous* Root - Highly branched/fiberlike roots
2) *Tap* Root - Roots grow **straight down** into the soil to draw on **deep** resources.
* Fibrous* Root - Grow relativley **close to soil surface.**
36
# SOIL CONDITIONS
What **soil conditions** lead to Tap vs. Fibrous roots being grounded?
Fibrous - Wet Surface
Tap - Dry Surface
37
What protects root tip/meristem?
Root Cap
38
What are **root hairs**?
Extensions of an induvidual root cell.
39
# ...\_\_ -- Allowing intake of more water.
What is the **benefit** of **root hairs**?
**Increase the absorbing surface area** of root system -- allowing the intake of more water.
40
Water moves into root hairs through the process of \_\_?
Osmosis
41
What is Osmosis?
Moving from **high concentration to lower concentration** through a semi-permeable membrane.
42
Water gained by Osmosis helps a plant stay **Turgid**. -- What is **Turgid**?
Firm or Strong
43
What is **Girdling**?
Roots begin to grow around main stem of tree - constricting supply of water and nutrients to the tree.
44
# Food \_\_
What are **tuberous roots** best adapted for?
Food Storage
45
# Extra \_\_
What is the purpose of **prop/brace** roots?
Extra anchorage
46
What is the purpose of **aerial roots**?
Climbing and Attachment
47
1) Where do Adventitous Roots form?
2) What hormone controls the growth of these roots?
1) On organs other than roots.
2) Auxin
48
Stems bear leaves and buds at postions called \_\_?
Nodes
49
What is the portion of a stem **between 2 nodes** called?
Internode
50
Where is the **terminal bud** located?
At the **END of the stem**.
51
**Auxillary Buds** form at __ axils.
Leaf
52
# Where the __ attaches to the nodes.
What are **leaf axils**?
Where the leaves attach to the nodes.
53
# Bud \_\_
What are **"small modified leaves that cover and protect buds"** called?
Bud Scales
54
# Su\_\_,Tr\_\_,St\_\_
What are the **THREE** main functions of stems?
1) Support
2) Tranport water and nutrient to leaves
3) Food Storage
55
# Herbaceous
"Many __ have some kind of modified stem to help them adapt to their enviorment."
Herbaceous Perennials
56
What is a **Rhizome**?
**HORIZONTAL** underground plant stem capable of producing the shoot and root systems of new plants.
57
What is this a picture of?
Rhizomes
58
What are **Stolons**?
A horizontal runner that goes **above ground** and produces roots to form new plants.
59
What is this a picture of?
Stolons
60
What is a **Tuber**?
**Enlarged underground stem** that **stores nutrients** to survive the winter or dry months.
61
What is this a picture of?
A tuber.
62
# 1) __ stems with __ orientation
1) What are Corms?
2) What do they do?
1) Underground stems with VERTICAL orientation.
2) Underground Storage
63
1) What are **Bulbs**?
2) What are they for?
1) Underground stems with **layers of storage leaves**.
2) Underground Storage
64
What is this a picture of?
Bulbs
65
Identify the parts of the leaf.
1) Leaf Apex
2) Leaf Margin
3) Leaf Veins
4) Midrib
5) Leaf Base
6) Petiole
7) Stiples
66
What are Sessiles?
Leaves that are directly attached to the stem without a petiole.
67
What is this a picture of?
Sessile
68
What is **Pinnate** Venation?
**Signle main midrib** running the length of the leaf with **samller lateral veins branching off**.
69
What is this picture an example of?
Parallel Venation
70
What is this an example of?
**Pinnate** Venation
71
What is **Palmate** Venation?
**Several principle veins** that **orginiate from the base** of the leaf blade
72
What is this an example of?
Palmate Venation
73
**Parallel** Venation typically occurs in \_\_cots.
monocots
74
**Pinnate and Palmate** venation typically occurs in \_\_cots.
Bicots
75
# Relates to Leaves
What does **deciduous** mean?
Plants that lose their leaves in colder climate.
76
What does **"evergreen" quality** mean?
The plant can still photosynthesize during the winter.
77
How do you determine that a leaf is a **"simple"** leaf?
A simple leaf has only one leaf following an auxillary bud.
78
How do you determine that a leaf is a "**compound**" leaf?
Multiple leaflets attached following only one auxillary bud.
79
What is **net venation**?
One or more prominent leaves and a meshed networking of veins
80
# 1) Palmatley Compound Leaves looks like a \_\_. Comprised of leaflets attached at the __ meeting point. 2) Pinnatley Compound Leaves look like leaflets attached to a long __ (also called a \_\_) - the __ merges with the petiole at the base of the leaf.
How do you distinguish **Palmatley Compound Leaves** vs. **Pinnatley Compound Leaves**?
1) Palmatley Compound Leaves
2) Pinnatley Compound Leaves
1) **Palmatley** Compound Leaves looks like a **pinwheel**. Comprised of leaflets **attached at the same meeting point.**
2) **Pinnatley** Compound Leaves look like leaflets **attached to a long spine** (also called a rachis) - the **rachis merges with the petiole** at the base of the leaf.
81
# E\_\_,S\_\_
**Alternate** Leaves alternate on __ side of the \_\_.
Alternate Leaves alternate on **EACH side of the STEM**.
82
**Opposite leaf** arrangements are **two** leaves that arise at __ points.
**SAME** points
83
**3 or more leaves connected at a single node** is classified as a __ leaf arrangement.
Whorled Leaf Arrangement
84
What is a **"crownshaft"**?
Leaf bases that are attached so tight they form a **smooth waxy structure**.
85
What are palms with rings called?
"Self-Cleaning" Palms
86
# \_\_-base scars where __ leaves pull away from the \_\_.
What are the rings on Palm Trees from?
Leaf-Base Scars - where old leaves die and pull away from the crownshaft.
87
# In Costapalmate Leaves the __ extends further into the \_\_.
What is the difference between **Palmate** and **Costapalmate Palm Leaves**
In **Costapalmate** leaves the **petiole extends further into the blade**
88
What distinguishes a **Bipinately Compound Palm**?
There is a **second** set of pinnately compound leaflets **branching from the first set** of pinnately compound leaflets
89
\_\_ are the **sexual reproductive structures** of a majority of **higher** plants.
Flowers
90
# 1) __ leaves to protect __ buds 2) C\_\_
1) What are the **sepals** as it relates to **flowers**?
2) Collective sepals = ?
1) Modified leaves to protect unopened buds.
2) Calyx
91
Flower Corolla = ?
Collective Petals
92
What are the **male reproductive organs** of a flower called?
STAMENS
93
What are the **female reproductive organs** of a flower called?
Pistils
94
# An\_\_ and Fi\_\_
What 2 parts does the **stamen** consist of?
What do each of the 2 parts do?
1) Anther - Holds the pollen
2) Filament - Supports/Holds up the Anther
95
What are the **3 parts** of the female **Pistils**?
What are their roles?
1) Stigma - **Sticky receptive** surface that grabs the pollen.
2) Style - Elevates the Stigma
3) Ovary - **Holds the ovule** to be pollenated.
96
# Se\_, Pe\_\_, St\_\_, Pi\_\_
What does a **complete flower** consist of?
| (4 Parts)
1) Sepals
2) Petals
3) Stamens
4) Pistil
97
What is the definition of an **incomplete flower**?
A flower that lacks any of the 4 parts that make up a complete flower.
98
Flowers that have **AT LEAST male and female reproductive parts** is called a \_\_.
Perfect Flower
99
Flowers that **only have Male OR Female parts** is called a __ flower.
Imperfect Flowers
100
What is the **difference** between **pollination vs. fertilization**?
**Pollination** - When pollen grains become stuck to the stigma
**Fertilization** - When sperm and ovule unite
101
# 1) Sta\_\_ 2) Sti\_\_ 3) Sti\_\_ 4) Tu\_\_ 5) Ov\_\_
Pollen is attached from the 1) __ to the 2) __ - Fluid from the 3)\_\_ is absorbed by pollen to form a pollen 4)\_\_ which delivers sperm to 5)\_\_.
Pollen is attached from the **Stamen** to the **Stigma** - Fluid from the **Stigma** is absorbed by pollen to **form a pollen tube** which delivers sperm to ovule.
102
What does it mean when a flower is "self-fertile"?
Plants that are able to **use thier own pollen to fertilize**.
103
What does it mean when a flower is **"self-pollination"**?
Pollen transferred from the anthers of a flower to the sigma of the same flower or to the stigmas of flowers on the same plant.
104
An **inflorescense** is a __ of flowers
Cluster of flowers.
105
**Bracts** are __ leaves beneath __ that are often colored.
Bracts are **modified leaves** beneath **flowers** that are often colored.
106
A 1)\_\_ is a seed container that develops from the ovary of a flower.
1)\_\_ are products of flowers.
1) Fruit
107
# 1) Fl\_\_ 2) So\_\_
A 1) __ fruit is a increasingly fleshy and 2) __ as the time for seed dispersal approaches.
1) Fleshy
2) Soft
108
Dry Fruits have __ to __ pulp.
Little to No Pulp
109
# 1) \_\_hiscent and \_\_hiscent
What are the two types of **dry fruit**?
1) Dehiscent
2) Indehiscent
110
1) **Dehiscent** dry fruit __ at maturity.
2) **Indehiscent** dry fruit __ at maturity.
1) Opens
2) Remains Closed
111
A __ fruit develops from a **single ovary.**
Simple
112
An __ fruit developes from **several ovaries** in a **multi-pistillate** flower.
Aggregate Fruit
113
\_\_ fruit forms from the ovaries of **several different flowers within an inflorescence.**
Multiple Fruit
114
Where does Photosynthesis Happen?
In the Chloroplasts.
115
What does **photosynthesis use to manufacture** raw sugar.
(3)
1) Sunlight
2) CO2
3) H20
116
1) What are the **2 elements** that is used during **Respiration?**
2) What is the product?
1) Sugar and Oxygen
2) ATP usable by the plant
117
# 1) Loss of __ through specialized openings. 2) St\_\_
1) What is the process of **Transpiration**?
2) What are the openings called?
1) Loss of water through specialized openings.
2) Stomata
118
Stomatas are opened by __ cells.
Guard Cells
119
# 1) Mi\_\_ movement 2) Su\_\_ movement 3) Co\_\_ 4) Tu\_\_
What are the **4 purposes of Transpiration**?
1) Mineral Movement
2) Sugar Movement
3) Cooling
4) Turgor
120
# Grow __ in first season and __ and __ formation in the second season -- followed by plant \_\_.
What is the process for **Biennials**?
**Grow vegetatively** in the **first** seson and flowering and **seed formation** in the **second** season followed by **plant death**.
121
# Perennials __ the cycle of vegetative growth and flowering for an __ period of time.
What is the process for **Perennials**?
Perennials **continue the cycle of vegetative growth and flowering for an indeterminate period of time.**
122
# A Taxon represents a group of real biological objects that have a set of \_\_.
What is a **taxon**?
A Taxon represents a group of real biological objects **having a set of common features**.
