Lesson 4: Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution Flashcards
refers to
the process whereby organisms
undergo various genetic and
physical changes that pave the
way for biological diversity.
Biological Evolution
a
noted Spanish-American biologist, the
theory of evolution in biology suggests
that, “the various types of plants, animals
and other living things on earth have
their origins in other pre-existing types
and the distinguishable differences are
due to modifications in successive
generations.”
Francisco Jose Ayala
they
learned to create various tools and
equipment for their daily tasks such as
planting crops, domesticating animals
and trade.
Technological Evolution
_________________ introduced the concept of
Biocultural Evolution sometime in the 1970s.
Anthropologists
The concept focuses on the idea that “ biology
makes culture possible and that developing culture
further influences the direction of biological
evolution.
Biocultural Evolution
came up with an
evolutionary scheme that divided
history into 3 stages of development
Lewis Henry Morgan
3 stages of development
Savage stage
Barbaric stage
Civilized stage
is the
lowest stage of
development which is
exemplified by the
nomadic and hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
Savage stage
is the
middle stage of
development where
people began learning
agricultural techniques
and the domestication of
animals.
Barbaric stage
is the
highest stage of
development where
people learned writing.
Civilized stage
postulated that the
accumulation of private
property paved the way for the
collapse of primitive
communities and the
establishment of a class-based
society.
Friedrich Engels
applied Charles Darwin’s
principles of biological evolution
to social evolution.
Herbert Spencer
it is
believed that societies cannot be classified
according to definite stages of
development, and that one society cannot
claim to be more “advanced” than other
societies.
Nonevolutionary Perspective
The main proponent of
cultural relativism. He
argued that human
behavior is not rooted in
biology but is socially
constructed.
Franz Boas
-The earliest societies were comprised of
hunters-gatherers.
-They were basically
small and nomadic family groups and were
plainly organized.
-These groups were
believed to be highly egalitarian and
nonhierarchical since distinctions were
based on age,sex,and division of labor was
natural.
Band-level Societies
This was more formal
social organization made
up several bands or groups
that were connected
through a clan structure or
kinship.
Tribe
- was a
more formal and established leader.
-performed other responsibilities
such as resolving conflict,overseeing
activities such as planting,harvesting and
the movement of herds, and organizing
feasts and celebrations.
headman
Consisted of tribes united
under one leader or chief.
Chiefdom
The effects of the ________________________were
increased migration, the growth of urban
populations, changes in lifestyle, increased
production, technological advancement, and the
rise of the middle class.
Industrial Revolution
Theories on Society and State
-Society as a Natural Institution
-Society as a Product of a Social Contract
is an agreement made by the
members of society that defines and influences
their interactions, particularly with those in
authority.
Social contract-
Created the social contract
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
An English philosopher,
thought that the agreement was
necessitated by the need to
guarantee the security of people.
Thomas Hobbes
Another English philosopher,
thought that the social contract was
needed in order to guarantee the fair
and impartial enforcement of the
law.
John Locke
A French philosopher,
emphasizes the idea of the natural
equality of humans. Therefore, the
only justified authority is one that
emerges from an agreement among
all in which each particular will has
been submitted to the general will.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Modernization Theories
-Historical-materialist perspective
-Rationalization and Bureaucratization
Developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels, asserts that societies evolve in
stages in relation to the development of
the means of production and its
ownership
Historical-materialist perspective
The sociologist ________________ observed the
processes of rationalization and
bureaucratization.
Max Weber
is a fusion of
two words, the French bureau meaning
“office” and the Greek word kratos
meaning “hierarchy”.
bureaucracy
bureaucracy means
“rule by officials.”
describe traditional
societies to be bound by what he called
mechanical solidarity, or a sense of
bonding within the community based on
similar beliefs,values,and activities as well
as kinship ties between its members.
Emile Durkheim
What are the 4 main components of a state
Population, Teritory, Government, and Sovereignty
