Lesson 2: Culture and Society Flashcards
is a group of individuals sharing a common culture, geographical location, and government.
Society
whereby members of the community live together for mutual benefit;
Social solidarity
serve as basis for the patterns of action and behavior of the members of the society
Shared identity and culture
society is characterized by the presence of the following elements:
- Social solidarity
- Shared identity and culture
- A common language
- A large population and the ability to sustain succeeding generations of members
- Definite geographical area
- Political, economic, and social organization.
Types of Society
Hunting and Gathering Societies
Pastoral Societies
Horticultural Societies
Agricultural Societies
Post-industrial Societies
-These are the earliest forms of society.
-The members survive primarily by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants.
Hunting and Gathering Societies
- common in areas where crops cannot be supported and only have to move when the land in which animals gaze is no longer usable.
- rely on products through the domestication and breeding of animals for transportation and food.
Pastoral Societies
comes from the Latin word ‘pastoral’
Pastoral Societies
Pastoral means
‘Shepherd’
- These societies rely on the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and plants in order to survive.
- They are often forced to relocate when the resources of the land are depleted or when the water supplies decrese.
Horticultural Societies
- Focuses on the mode of production
- They rely on the use of technology in order to cultivate crops in large areas; including wheat, rice, and corn
Agricultural Societies
- Their economy is based on services and technology, not production.
- The economy is dependent on tangible goods, people must pursue greater education
Post-Industrial Societies
refers to “that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society.
Culture
what does culture represents?
- Beliefs
- Practices
- Artifacts
what does society represents?
- Social Structures
- Organizations
TRUE OR FALSE
Neither society nor culture could exist without the other
TRUE
is one of the important bases that define and influence a society.
Culture
Categories of Culture:
- Material Culture
- Nonmaterial Culture
refers to the set of beliefs, attitudes, as well as material objects and possessions accumulated over time and shared by the members of society.
Culture
is composed of the physical or tangible objects produced, shared, and utilized within society such as tools or implements, paintings and other works of art, architectural styles, weaponry, and toys.
Material Culture
consists of the intangible properties and elements of society that influence the patterns of action and behavior of its members. Examples: language, beliefs, values, attitudes, ideas, and norms shared among members of society.
Nonmaterial Culture
4 Vital Cultural Components of Culture
Symbols
Language
Values
Norms
refer to things that convey meaning or represent an idea.
Symbols
is a set of symbols that enables members of society to communicate verbally (spoken) and nonverbally (written, gestures).
Language
are shared ideas, norms, and principles that provide members of society the standards that pertain to what is right or wrong, good or bad, desirable or undesirable.
Values
are shared rules of conduct that determine specific behavior among society members.
Norms
Categories of Norms
Folkways
Mores
Laws
are norms that may be violated without serious consequences.
Folkways
are norms with moral connotations.
Mores
are norms that are legally enacted and enforced.
Laws
The process of culture and identity formation within society is facilitated through _____________ and ______________
socialization and enculturation
refers to the lifelong process of forging identity through social interaction.
Socialization
refers to the process by which an individual gradually learns or acquires the important aspects of his or her society’s culture.
Enculturation
refers to a particular circumstances of a certain culture and is defined by location, weather, time period, and other factors.
Context
considers culture as the central focus of its discipline. It studies the different cultures of different societies.
Anthropology
2 Major Views of Anthropology
Relativistic Approach
Ethnocentric Approach
considers cultures as equal. This view holds that there are no “superior” and “inferior” cultures, and each is unique in its own way.
Relativistic Approach
is the belief that one’s native culture is superior to other cultures.
Ethnocentric Approach
diminishes or invalidates “other” ways of life and creates a distorted view of one’s own. As a result, this could affect individual behavior and relationship with other cultures.
Ethnocentrism
the tendency to consider that their culture is inferior to others.
Xenocentrism
recognizes and accepts the cultural differences between societies.
Cultural Relativism
relates culture with the overall context of social order. There are different sociological perspectives that explain this order.
Sociology
operates on the assumption that society is a stable and orderly system.
Structural functionalism
assumes that there is a constant power struggle among the various social groups and institutions within society.
Conflict Theory
views individual and group behavior and social interactions as defining features of society.
Symbolic Interactionism
also examines culture as a vital aspect of society.
Political Science
an ideology that acknowledges and promotes cultural diversity within society.
Multiculturalism
advances awareness and acceptance of cultural differences but encourages a critical stance in dealing with issues regarding diversity.
Cultural Sensitivity
