Lesson 4 Keywords

Question 1

Marx’s term for the workers’ lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by their assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product. This leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness; also used in the general sense of not feeling a part of something.

Answer 1

alienation

Question 2

a leader who leads by giving orders

Answer 2

authoritarian leader

Question 3

a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority; a clear division of labor with emphasis on written rules, communications, and records. Impersonality of positions

Answer 3

bureaucracy

Question 4

a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another; an internal faction

Answer 4

clique

Question 5

orientations that characterize corporate work settings

Answer 5

corporate culture

Question 6

a leader who leads by trying to reach a consensus

Answer 6

democratic leader

Question 7

individuals who regularly interact with one another on the Internet and who think of themselves as belonging together

Answer 7

electronic community

Question 8

an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader

Answer 8

expressive leader

Question 9

people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group

Answer 9

group

Question 10

the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals

Answer 10

group dynamics

Question 11

Irving Janis’s term for a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer. In groupthink, to suggest alternatives (dissent) becomes a sign of disloyalty.

Answer 11

groupthink

Question 12

groups toward which one feels loyalty

Answer 12

in-groups

Question 13

an individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; also known as a task-oriented leader

Answer 13

instrumental leader

Question 14

an individual who leads by being highly permissive

Answer 14

laissez-faire leader

Question 15

someone who influences other people

Answer 15

leader

Question 16

ways in which people express their leadership

Answer 16

leadership styles

Question 17

groups toward which one feels antagonism

Answer 17

out-groups

Question 18

a group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation

Answer 18

primary group

Question 19

Herbert Hyman’s term for a group that people use as standards to evaluate themselves

Answer 19

reference group

Question 20

compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity whose members are likely to interact on the basis of specific roles

Answer 20

secondary group

Question 21

the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together

Answer 21

social network

Question 22

a group made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest. Also known as voluntary memberships

Answer 22

voluntary association