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HSTCYT > LESSON 4: DEHYDRATION > Flashcards

LESSON 4: DEHYDRATION Flashcards

1
Q

eye inflammation

A

Conjunctivitis

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2
Q

means no water

A

Anhydrous

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3
Q

solvent for water

A

Polar

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4
Q

100% alcohol

A

Absolute

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5
Q

simplest tertiary alcohol

A

Tearbutanol

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6
Q

carboxylic acid formed from methanol

A

Formic Acid

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7
Q

solvent for organic molecules

A

Non-polar

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8
Q

in between cells

A

Intracellular

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9
Q

aka soluble

A

Miscible

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10
Q

effect of a higher concentration gradient on the rate of diffusion of molecules

A

Increased

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11
Q

➢ Removal of fixative and intercellular and extracellular water from tissues in preparation for infiltration
➢ Increasing strengths of the dehydrating agent is used to prevent distortion of tissue structures by diffusion currents (flow of molecules)

A

DEHYDRATION

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12
Q

Type of Tissue

(eg. embryo): start with 30% ethanol up to 70%

A

DELICATE TISSUES

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13
Q

Type of Tissue start with 70% up to 95% or Absolute alcohol

A

NORMAL TISSUES

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14
Q

VOLUME

A

10X the volume of tissue

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15
Q

On Prolonged Immersion tissues become hard and brittle

A

High Concentrations

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16
Q

On Prolonged Immersion tissues become macerated

A

Low Concentrations

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17
Q

increases rate of dehydration and used for tissues that require
urgent examination

A

37 deg Celsius

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18
Q

Accelerates diffusion of molecules increasing the rate of dehydration

A

Agitation

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19
Q

¼ inch at the bottom of the container to facilitate the removal
of water molecules from the dehydrating fluid

A

Anhydrous copper sulfate:

20
Q

✓ Clear, colorless, flammable liquid
✓ Recommended for routine dehydration
✓ Best dehydrating agent, fast-acting and miscible in water and many organic
solvents
✓ Penetrates tissues easily
✓ Not poisonous, not very expensive
✓ Long Immersion in high concentrations should be avoided

A

ETHANOL

21
Q

Substitute for ethanol

A

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

22
Q

✓ Also referred to as wood alcohol
✓ Toxic dehydrating agent (methanol is converted to formaldehyde and can be further converted to formic acid: both formaldehyde and formic acid are toxic
to the body)
✓ for blood & tissue films and smear preparations

A

METHANOL

23
Q

✓ Slow-acting
✓ For plants & animals
✓ Also recommended for tissues which do not require rapid processing
✓ May be used in combination with ethanol
✓ Used to dehydrate slides after staining

A

BUTYL ALCOHOL

24
Q

✓ cheap, rapid and used for most urgent biopsies
✓ duration: 30 minutes to 2 hours
✓ removes lipids from tissues
✓ penetration is poor and causes brittleness

A

ACETONE

25
Q

✓ Rapid and does not cause any harmful effect on tissues
✓ 4 baths: 30 min → 30-60 min → 60 min → 90 min
✓ Toxic to the reproductive, fetal, urinary and blood systems
✓ Combustible at 110-120 OF
✓ Propylene-based glycol ethers may be used in place of EGME

A

CELLOSOLVE (Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether)

26
Q

✓ Excellent dehydrating and clearing agent
✓ Fixatives → Dioxane→paraffin
**dehydration and clearing may be done at the same time using dioxane
✓ Sections ribbon poorly
✓ Expensive and extremely dangerous
✓ Vapor tends to accumulate in the body and is highly toxic
✓ Creates explosive peroxides
✓ Removal of water

A

DIOXANE (Diethylene dioxide)

27
Q

uses several changes of pure dioxane

A

Graupner’s Method

28
Q

uses pure dioxane and anhydrous calcium

oxide or quicklime to facilitate removal of water

A

Weiseberg’s Method

29
Q

✓ May be used as dehydrating and clearing agent
✓ Can dissolve fats in tissues
✓ Vapors cause nausea, dizziness, headache and anesthesia
✓ Skin and eye irritant
✓ Offensive odor; may cause conjunctivitis during prolonged exposure

A

THF (Tetrahydrofuran)

30
Q

✓ May be used to dehydrate sections and smears after staining

A

TRIETHYL PO4

31
Q

✓ 4% phenol: added to 95% alcohol to soften tissues

A

ADDITIVES TO DEHYDRANTS

32
Q

✓ Glycerol-alcohol mixture and Molliflex: used to soften hard tissues

A

ADDITIVES TO DEHYDRANTS

33
Q

toxic alcohol dehydrant

A

Methanol

34
Q

other name of cellosolve

A

EGME

35
Q

dehydrant with an offensive odor

A

Tetrahydrofuran

36
Q

non-alcohol-based dehydrant that removes lipids

A

Acetone

37
Q

effect of prolonged immersion of tissues in

low concentrations of dehydrants

A

Maceration

38
Q

method that uses pure dioxane and anhydrous calcium oxide

A

Weiseberg’s

39
Q

type of tissue that is first immersed in 30%

alcohol

A

Delicate

40
Q

expensive and may form explosive peroxides

A

Dioxane

41
Q

best dehydrating agent for routine processing

A

Ethanol

42
Q

best dehydrating agent for routine processing

A

Softening

43
Q

T/F Additives are incorporated in the lowest concentration of acetone to prevent tissue maceration.

A

FALSE

Additives are incorporated in the HIGHEST concentration of ALCOHOL to PROMOTE tissue SOFTENING

44
Q

T/F Tert-butyl alcohol is a slow-acting dehydrant thus causing less tissue shrinkage
and hardening.

A

TRUE

45
Q

T/F Acetone is a rapid-acting dehydrant that penetrates tissue sample well.

A

FALSE: Acetone is a rapid-acting dehydrant that penetrates tissues POORLY

46
Q

T/F Tetrahydrofuran can be used as a fixative and dehydrating agent but it causes dissolution of glycogen.

A

FALSE: Tetrahydrofuran can be used as dehydrating and clearing agent but it causes dissolution of lipids.

47
Q

T/F Graupner’s method makes use of cellosolve which can act as a decalcifying and dehydrating agent.

A

FALSE: Graupner’s method makes use of DIOXANE which can act as dehydrating and CLEARING agent

HSTCYT (6 decks)

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