LESSON 4 Flashcards
Sensation and Perception
1
Q
detecting physical energy from the environment and encode
it as neural signals.
A
Sensation
2
Q
the process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of the world
A
Perception
3
Q
What are the sense of organs?
A
- Eyes
- Ears
- Tongue
- Nose
- Skin
4
Q
What are the various senses?
A
- Sight
- Hearing
- Gustatory
- Olfactory
- Pressure, pain, warmth, and cold
5
Q
What sense of organs and its corresponding senses?
Rods and cones in the retina
A
Eyes, Sight
6
Q
What sense of organs and its corresponding senses?
Hair cells in the Organ of Corti
A
Ears, Hearing
7
Q
What sense of organs and its corresponding senses?
Taste cells in the taste buds
A
Tongue, Gustatory
8
Q
What sense of organs and its corresponding senses?
Olfactory epithelium cells
A
Nose, Olfactory
9
Q
What sense of organs and its corresponding senses?
Subcutaneous adipose tissue
A
Skin, Pressure, pain, warmth, and cold
10
Q
What are the two types of Threshold?
A
- Absolute Threshold
- Difference Threshold
11
Q
minimal amount of energy that
can produce a sensation
A
Absolute Threshold
12
Q
tells about the minimum
difference in the magnitude of
two stimuli present
A
Difference Threshold
13
Q
Candle thirty miles away on a clear, dark night
A
Vision
14
Q
Tick of a watch twenty feet away in a quiet room
A
Hearing
15
Q
Teaspoons of sugar dissolved in two gallons of water
A
Taste
16
Q
One drop of perfume in a three-room apartment
A
Smell
17
Q
A bee’s wing falling on the cheek from a height of
one centimeter
A
Touch
18
Q
A one to two degree celcius change in skin temperature
A
Warmth or Cold
19
Q
Framework to explain how people pick out the important stimuli embedded in a wealth of irrelevant, distracting stimuli.
A
Signal-Detection Theory
20
Q
What are the four possible outcomes of Signal-Detection Theory?
A
- Hits
- False Alarm
- Miss
- Correct Rejection
21
Q
True positive
A
Hits
22
Q
False positive
A
False Alarm
23
Q
False negative
A
Miss
24
Q
True negative
A
Correct Rejection
25
The screener recognizes
a box cutter in the luggage.
Hits (Signal Present)
26
The screener thinks there is a box cutter in the luggage when there is none.
False Alarm (Signal Absent)
27
The screener fails to see
the box cutter in the luggage.
Miss (Signal Present)
28
The screener recognizes that
there is no box cutter in the
luggage, and indeed, there is
none.
Correct Rejection (Signal Absent)
29
Receptor cells adapt to constant
stimulation by casing to fire until there is a change in stimulation. Through this, we may stop detecting the presence of stimulus
Sensory Adaptation
30
What are the two Sensory Adaptation?
- Sensitization
- Desensitization
31
process of becoming more
sensitive to stimulation
Sensitization
32
becoming less sensitive to stimulation
Desensitization
33
a muscular membrane whose
dilation regulates the amount of light that enters the eye
Iris
34
the black-looking opening in the
center of the iris, through which
light enters the eye
Pupil
35
a transparent body behind the
iris that focuses an image on the retina
Lens
36
the area of the inner surface of
the eye that contains rods and
cones
Retina
37
a rigid transparent structure on
the outer surface of the eyeball,
always focuses light in the same
way
Cornea
38
the central area of the human
retina, is adapted for highly
detailed vision
Fovea
39
the area of the retina where
axons from ganglion cells meet
to form the optic nerve
Blind Spot
40
the nerve that transmits sensory information from the eye to the brain
Optic Nerve
41
cells that respond to light
Photoreceptors
42
What are the two photoreceptors?
Rods, Cones
43
adapted for vision in
dim light
Rods
44
are adapted for color
vision, daytime vision, and
detailed vision
Cones
45
the distance from one wave
push to the next that determines its hue
Wavelength
46
amount of energy in light waves
which influences brightness
Intensity
47
refers to the purity or richness or color
Saturation
48
impaired ability to focus on nearby objects because of decreased flexibility of the lens
Presbyopia
49
impaired ability to focus on distant objects
Myopia
50
impaired ability to focus on close objects
Hyperopia
51
condition characterized by increased pressure within the eyeball, which can sometimes impair vision
Glaucoma
52
a disorder in which the lens becomes cloudy
Cataract
53
visual disorder in which both eyes cannot focus on the same point at the same time.
Strabismus/Cross-eyed
54
condition in which persons suffering from this are monochromats and
sensitive to light
Color Blindness
55
Two types of Colorblindness
- Monochromat
- Dichromat/Partial color blindness
56
shaped to funnel sound waves to the eardrum, a thin membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves and thereby, transmits them to the middle and inner ears
Outer ear
57
contains the eardrum and three
small bones (hammer, anvil and
stirrup), which also transmit
sound by vibrating
Middle ear
58
the inner ear; the bony tube that contains the basilar membrane and the organ of Corti
Cochlea
59
a membrane that lies coiled
within the cochlea
Basilar Membrane
60
the receptor for hearing that lies on the basilar membrane in the cochlea
Organ of Corti
61
the axon bundle that transmits
neural impulses from the organ
of Corti to the brain
Auditory Nerve
62
determined by its frequency, or
the number of cycles per second as expressed in the unit hertz
Pitch
63
is determined by the height, or
amplitude of sound waves
Loudness
64
results from the difference in
their frequencies
Tones
65
A combination of pitches that are pleasant to the ear
Consonant
66
A combination of pitches that are harsh and unpleasant
Dissonant
67
occurs because of damage to the structures of the middle ear – either to the eardrum or to the three bones that conduct and amplify sound waves from the outer to the inner ear.
Conduction Deafness
68
usually stems from damage to the structures of the inner, most often the loss of hair cells, which will not regenerate
Sensory-Neural Deafness
69
stems from exposure to very loud sounds
Stimulation Deafness
70
The sense of smell is known as ____________
Olfaction
71
The olfactory receptors,
located on the mucous membrane in the rear air passages of the nose
Smell
72
smell blindness for a particular
odor which may suggest that
one kind of receptor has been
damaged
Anosmia
73
detects chemicals on the tongue
Taste
74
The taste receptors are in the ________ _______ located in the folds on the surface of the tongue, almost exclusively along the outside edge of the tongue in adults
Taste buds
75
temporary loss of taste
Ageusia
76
sensory receptors embedded in
the skin fire when the surface of the skin is touched
Touch and Pressure
77
the receptors for temperature
are neurons located just beneath the skin
Temperature
78
pain results when neurons called ____________ in the skin are stimulated
nociceptors
79
is adaptive, if unpleasant,
because it motivates us to do
something about it
Pain
80
sense that gives us information
about the location of our body
parts tightness and hardness
Kinesthesia
81
sense that gives us information
about body position, movement, and acceleration
Vestibular Sense
82
found in the visceral organs such as stomach, intestines, internal sex organs, lungs, throat, and heart
Organic Sensation
83
What are the 6 Gestalt Laws?
- Figure-Ground
- Proximity
- Similarity
- Continuity
- Closure
- Symmetry
84
when perceiving a visual field,
some objects (figures) seem
prominent, and other aspects of the field recede into the
background (ground)
Figure-Ground
85
when we perceive an assortment of objects, we tend to see objects that are close to each other as forming a group
Proximity
86
we tend to group objects on the
basis of their similarity
Similarity
87
we tend to perceive smoothly
flowing or continuous forms
rather than disrupted or
continuous ones
Continuity
88
we tend to perceptually close up, or complete, objects that are not, in fact, complete
Closure
89
we tend to perceive objects as
forming mirror images about
their center
Symmetry
90
What are the Perceptual Constancies?
- Size Constancy
- Shape Constancy
- Color Constancy
- Lightness Constancy
91
It is the perception that an object’s size remains constant, even when the distance between the object and the observer changes, causing the image of the object to appear larger or smaller on the retina.
Size Constancy
92
perceive familiar object as
having a constant form even
when our retinal images of them change
Shape Constancy
93
perceive objects as retaining
their color even though lighting
conditions may alter
their appearance
Color Constancy
94
perceive objects as having
constant lightness when while its illumination varies
Lightness Constancy
95
What are the 3 Movement Perception?
- Auto Kinetic Effect
- Stroboscopic Motion
- Phi Phenomenon
96
on-off process of switching the
row of light as seen an electronic scoreboard in a baseball or basketball stadium
Phi Phenomenon
97
makes motion picture possible
through the presentation of a
rapid progression of images of
stationary objects
Stroboscopic Motion
98
we tend to perceive objects as
forming mirror images about
their center (movement perception)
Auto Kinetic Effect
99
What are the 7 Depth Perception?
- Size
- Linear Perspective
- Texture Gradient
- Atmospheric Perspective
- Overlap
- Height Cues
- Motion Parallax
100
objects far away appear to move in the same direction as the observer, whereas close objects move in the opposite direction
Motion Parallax
101
objects lower down in our field
of vision are perceived as closer; above higher up are seen as closer
Height Cues
102
if one object overlaps another, it is seen as being closer than the one it covers
Overlap
103
the farther away objects are, the less distinctly they are seen
Atmospheric Perspective
104
the texture of a surface appears
smoother as distance increases
Texture Gradient
105
parallel lines appear to converge in the distance
Linear Perspective
106
the larger the image of an object on the retina, the larger it perceived to be.
Size
107
if an object is larger than other
objects, it is often perceived as
____________
closer
108
What are the 4 Perceptual Illusion?
- Muller-Lyer Illusion
- Ponzo Illusion
- Horizontal-Vertical Illusion
- Poggendorf Illusion
109
in this illusion, a line disappears
at an angle behind a solid figure, reappearing at the other side - at what seems to be the incorrect position
Poggendorf Illusion
110
the vertical line looks longer, but they are just the same size
Horizontal-Vertical Illusion
111
the top horizontal
line looks longer; again both lines are equal
Ponzo Illusion
112
bottom line looks longer than
the top line
Muller-Lyer Illusion
113
What are the 4 Extra-Sensory Perception?
- Precognition
- Clairvoyance
- Telepathy
- Psychokinesis/Telekinesis
114
ability to affect the physical world purely through thought such as bending of spoons
Psychokinesis/Telekinesis
115
ability to send message to another person through mind
Telepathy
116
ability to perceive objects or events that do not directly stimulate your sense organs such as sensing that a
friend’s house in on fire
Clairvoyance
117
foretelling of future events
Precognition
