LESSON 4 Flashcards
Sensation and Perception
detecting physical energy from the environment and encode
it as neural signals.
Sensation
the process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of the world
Perception
What are the sense of organs?
- Eyes
- Ears
- Tongue
- Nose
- Skin
What are the various senses?
- Sight
- Hearing
- Gustatory
- Olfactory
- Pressure, pain, warmth, and cold
What sense of organs and its corresponding senses?
Rods and cones in the retina
Eyes, Sight
What sense of organs and its corresponding senses?
Hair cells in the Organ of Corti
Ears, Hearing
What sense of organs and its corresponding senses?
Taste cells in the taste buds
Tongue, Gustatory
What sense of organs and its corresponding senses?
Olfactory epithelium cells
Nose, Olfactory
What sense of organs and its corresponding senses?
Subcutaneous adipose tissue
Skin, Pressure, pain, warmth, and cold
What are the two types of Threshold?
- Absolute Threshold
- Difference Threshold
minimal amount of energy that
can produce a sensation
Absolute Threshold
tells about the minimum
difference in the magnitude of
two stimuli present
Difference Threshold
Candle thirty miles away on a clear, dark night
Vision
Tick of a watch twenty feet away in a quiet room
Hearing
Teaspoons of sugar dissolved in two gallons of water
Taste
One drop of perfume in a three-room apartment
Smell
A bee’s wing falling on the cheek from a height of
one centimeter
Touch
A one to two degree celcius change in skin temperature
Warmth or Cold
Framework to explain how people pick out the important stimuli embedded in a wealth of irrelevant, distracting stimuli.
Signal-Detection Theory
What are the four possible outcomes of Signal-Detection Theory?
- Hits
- False Alarm
- Miss
- Correct Rejection
True positive
Hits
False positive
False Alarm
False negative
Miss
True negative
Correct Rejection
The screener recognizes
a box cutter in the luggage.
Hits (Signal Present)
The screener thinks there is a box cutter in the luggage when there is none.
False Alarm (Signal Absent)
The screener fails to see
the box cutter in the luggage.
Miss (Signal Present)
The screener recognizes that
there is no box cutter in the
luggage, and indeed, there is
none.
Correct Rejection (Signal Absent)
Receptor cells adapt to constant
stimulation by casing to fire until there is a change in stimulation. Through this, we may stop detecting the presence of stimulus
Sensory Adaptation
What are the two Sensory Adaptation?
- Sensitization
- Desensitization
process of becoming more
sensitive to stimulation
Sensitization
becoming less sensitive to stimulation
Desensitization
a muscular membrane whose
dilation regulates the amount of light that enters the eye
Iris
the black-looking opening in the
center of the iris, through which
light enters the eye
Pupil
a transparent body behind the
iris that focuses an image on the retina
Lens
the area of the inner surface of
the eye that contains rods and
cones
Retina
a rigid transparent structure on
the outer surface of the eyeball,
always focuses light in the same
way
Cornea
the central area of the human
retina, is adapted for highly
detailed vision
Fovea
the area of the retina where
axons from ganglion cells meet
to form the optic nerve
Blind Spot
the nerve that transmits sensory information from the eye to the brain
Optic Nerve
cells that respond to light
Photoreceptors
What are the two photoreceptors?
Rods, Cones
adapted for vision in
dim light
Rods
are adapted for color
vision, daytime vision, and
detailed vision
Cones
the distance from one wave
push to the next that determines its hue
Wavelength
amount of energy in light waves
which influences brightness
Intensity
refers to the purity or richness or color
Saturation
impaired ability to focus on nearby objects because of decreased flexibility of the lens
Presbyopia
impaired ability to focus on distant objects
Myopia
impaired ability to focus on close objects
Hyperopia
condition characterized by increased pressure within the eyeball, which can sometimes impair vision
Glaucoma
a disorder in which the lens becomes cloudy
Cataract
visual disorder in which both eyes cannot focus on the same point at the same time.
Strabismus/Cross-eyed
condition in which persons suffering from this are monochromats and
sensitive to light
Color Blindness
Two types of Colorblindness
- Monochromat
- Dichromat/Partial color blindness
shaped to funnel sound waves to the eardrum, a thin membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves and thereby, transmits them to the middle and inner ears
Outer ear
contains the eardrum and three
small bones (hammer, anvil and
stirrup), which also transmit
sound by vibrating
Middle ear
the inner ear; the bony tube that contains the basilar membrane and the organ of Corti
Cochlea
a membrane that lies coiled
within the cochlea
Basilar Membrane
the receptor for hearing that lies on the basilar membrane in the cochlea
Organ of Corti
the axon bundle that transmits
neural impulses from the organ
of Corti to the brain
Auditory Nerve
determined by its frequency, or
the number of cycles per second as expressed in the unit hertz
Pitch
is determined by the height, or
amplitude of sound waves
Loudness
results from the difference in
their frequencies
Tones
A combination of pitches that are pleasant to the ear
Consonant
A combination of pitches that are harsh and unpleasant
Dissonant
occurs because of damage to the structures of the middle ear – either to the eardrum or to the three bones that conduct and amplify sound waves from the outer to the inner ear.
Conduction Deafness
usually stems from damage to the structures of the inner, most often the loss of hair cells, which will not regenerate
Sensory-Neural Deafness
stems from exposure to very loud sounds
Stimulation Deafness
The sense of smell is known as ____________
Olfaction
The olfactory receptors,
located on the mucous membrane in the rear air passages of the nose
Smell
smell blindness for a particular
odor which may suggest that
one kind of receptor has been
damaged
Anosmia
detects chemicals on the tongue
Taste
The taste receptors are in the ________ _______ located in the folds on the surface of the tongue, almost exclusively along the outside edge of the tongue in adults
Taste buds
temporary loss of taste
Ageusia
sensory receptors embedded in
the skin fire when the surface of the skin is touched
Touch and Pressure
the receptors for temperature
are neurons located just beneath the skin
Temperature
pain results when neurons called ____________ in the skin are stimulated
nociceptors
is adaptive, if unpleasant,
because it motivates us to do
something about it
Pain
sense that gives us information
about the location of our body
parts tightness and hardness
Kinesthesia
sense that gives us information
about body position, movement, and acceleration
Vestibular Sense
found in the visceral organs such as stomach, intestines, internal sex organs, lungs, throat, and heart
Organic Sensation
What are the 6 Gestalt Laws?
- Figure-Ground
- Proximity
- Similarity
- Continuity
- Closure
- Symmetry
when perceiving a visual field,
some objects (figures) seem
prominent, and other aspects of the field recede into the
background (ground)
Figure-Ground
when we perceive an assortment of objects, we tend to see objects that are close to each other as forming a group
Proximity
we tend to group objects on the
basis of their similarity
Similarity
we tend to perceive smoothly
flowing or continuous forms
rather than disrupted or
continuous ones
Continuity
we tend to perceptually close up, or complete, objects that are not, in fact, complete
Closure
we tend to perceive objects as
forming mirror images about
their center
Symmetry
What are the Perceptual Constancies?
- Size Constancy
- Shape Constancy
- Color Constancy
- Lightness Constancy
It is the perception that an object’s size remains constant, even when the distance between the object and the observer changes, causing the image of the object to appear larger or smaller on the retina.
Size Constancy
perceive familiar object as
having a constant form even
when our retinal images of them change
Shape Constancy
perceive objects as retaining
their color even though lighting
conditions may alter
their appearance
Color Constancy
perceive objects as having
constant lightness when while its illumination varies
Lightness Constancy
What are the 3 Movement Perception?
- Auto Kinetic Effect
- Stroboscopic Motion
- Phi Phenomenon
on-off process of switching the
row of light as seen an electronic scoreboard in a baseball or basketball stadium
Phi Phenomenon
makes motion picture possible
through the presentation of a
rapid progression of images of
stationary objects
Stroboscopic Motion
we tend to perceive objects as
forming mirror images about
their center (movement perception)
Auto Kinetic Effect
What are the 7 Depth Perception?
- Size
- Linear Perspective
- Texture Gradient
- Atmospheric Perspective
- Overlap
- Height Cues
- Motion Parallax
objects far away appear to move in the same direction as the observer, whereas close objects move in the opposite direction
Motion Parallax
objects lower down in our field
of vision are perceived as closer; above higher up are seen as closer
Height Cues
if one object overlaps another, it is seen as being closer than the one it covers
Overlap
the farther away objects are, the less distinctly they are seen
Atmospheric Perspective
the texture of a surface appears
smoother as distance increases
Texture Gradient
parallel lines appear to converge in the distance
Linear Perspective
the larger the image of an object on the retina, the larger it perceived to be.
Size
if an object is larger than other
objects, it is often perceived as
____________
closer
What are the 4 Perceptual Illusion?
- Muller-Lyer Illusion
- Ponzo Illusion
- Horizontal-Vertical Illusion
- Poggendorf Illusion
in this illusion, a line disappears
at an angle behind a solid figure, reappearing at the other side - at what seems to be the incorrect position
Poggendorf Illusion
the vertical line looks longer, but they are just the same size
Horizontal-Vertical Illusion
the top horizontal
line looks longer; again both lines are equal
Ponzo Illusion
bottom line looks longer than
the top line
Muller-Lyer Illusion
What are the 4 Extra-Sensory Perception?
- Precognition
- Clairvoyance
- Telepathy
- Psychokinesis/Telekinesis
ability to affect the physical world purely through thought such as bending of spoons
Psychokinesis/Telekinesis
ability to send message to another person through mind
Telepathy
ability to perceive objects or events that do not directly stimulate your sense organs such as sensing that a
friend’s house in on fire
Clairvoyance
foretelling of future events
Precognition
