LESSON 3 Flashcards
Physiological Bases of Behavior
1
Q
Complex network of cells and
tissues responsible for coordinating and controlling bodily functions
A
The Nervous System
2
Q
consists of the brain and the
spinal cord
A
Central Nervous System (CNS)
3
Q
composes all the nerve fibers
that connect the receptors to
the central nervous system
A
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
4
Q
also known as nerve cell, the basic structural and functioning unit of the nervous system
A
Neurons
5
Q
organizes and keeps the cell
functional
A
Cell body
6
Q
receives messages from other
neurons and carry them towards the cell body
A
Dendrite
7
Q
carries messages away from the cell body
A
Axon
8
Q
produces myelin sheath
A
Schwann Cell
9
Q
increases the speed of nerve
impulses
A
Myelin Sheath
10
Q
sends messages to other neuron
A
Axon Terminal
11
Q
What are the three types of neurons?
A
- Sensory or Afferent Neurons
- Motor or Efferent Neurons
- Inter or Connector Neurons
12
Q
most abundant in the brain and
plays a key role in thinking,
learning, and memory
A
Glutamate
13
Q
most common inhibitory
neurotransmitter in the brain and regulates mood, sleep, seizures
A
GABA
14
Q
regulates mood, sleep patterns,
sexuality, appetite, and pain
A
Serotonin
15
Q
body reward system, pleasures,
achieving heightened arousal
A
Dopamine
16
Q
responsible for fight-or-flight
response
A
Epinephrine
17
Q
alertness, arousal, decision
making, attention, and focus
A
Norepinephrine
18
Q
natural pain reliever, reduces pain
A
Endorphines
19
Q
regulates heart rate, blood pressure and gut motility, role in muscle contraction, memory,
motivation, sexual desire, sleep,
and learning
A
Acetylcholine
20
Q
High: Psychosis, Neuron Death
Low: Huntington’s Disease
A
Glutamate
21
Q
High: Relaxation
Low: Anxiety/OCD
A
GABA
22
Q
High: Mania
Low: Depression, Anxiety, Eating Disorders
A
Serotonin
23
Q
High: Schizophrenia
Low: Parkinson’s
A
Dopamine
24
Q
High: Stress, Sleep Disorders
Low: Fatigue
A
Epinephrine
25
High: Mania
Low: Depression
Norepinephrine
26
Low: Eating Disorders
Endorphines
27
Low: Alzheimer's (Dementia)
Acetylcholine
28
The brain floats on a bath of
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and it is
protected by the skull. Also called the master organ
Brain
29
What are the divisions of the brain?
Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
30
What are the parts included in the forebrain?
- Cerebrum
- Basal Ganglia
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Limbic System
31
- Telencephalon
- Seat of Consciousness
Cerebrum
32
- It consists of right cerebral
hemisphere and left cerebral
hemisphere
Cerebrum
33
- Each hemisphere consists of 4 lobes
Cerebrum
34
the outer layer of the cerebrum, is involved in complex brain functions
Cerebral cortex
35
Analytic thought
Left Hemisphere
36
Art Awareness
Right Hemisphere
37
Logic
Left Hemisphere
38
Creativity
Right Hemisphere
39
Reasoning
Left Hemisphere
40
Imagination, Intuition, Insights
Right Hemisphere
41
Science and math
Left Hemisphere
42
Music Awareness, 3-D Forms
Right Hemisphere
43
Written, Number Skills
Left Hemisphere
44
Left-hand control
Right Hemisphere
45
Right-hand control
Left Hemisphere
46
What are the 4 lobes in cerebrum?
1. Frontal Lobe
2. Parietal Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital Lobe
47
reasoning, planning,
movement, and problem-
solving
Frontal Lobe
48
somatosensory processing
Parietal Lobe
49
auditory processing
Temporal Lobe
50
visual processing
Occipital Lobe
51
collections of neurons crucial to
motor function
Basal Ganglia
52
relays incoming sensory
information through groups of
neurons that project to the
appropriate region in the cortex
Thalamus
53
- endocrine system
- autonomic nervous system
survival behavior (e.g., fighting,
feeding, fleeing, and mating);
Hypothalamus
54
- it is involved in controlling the
pituitary gland which governs
hormone production and release
Hypothalamus
55
involved in learning, emotion
and motivation
Limbic System
56
role in anger and aggression
Amygdala
57
- seahorse
- responsible for memory
formation
Hippocampus
58
Mesencephalon
The Midbrain
59
What are the parts included in the midbrain?
- Tectum
- Tegmentum
- Reticular Activating System (RAS)
60
back part of the midbrain
Tectum
61
Two parts of Tectum
- Superior Colliculi
- Inferior Colliculi
62
visual information
Superior Colliculi
63
auditory information
Inferior Colliculi
64
front part of the midbrain
Tegmentum
65
Three parts of Tegmentum
- Red Nucleus
- Periaqueductal Gray
- Substansia Nigra
66
motor coordination
Red Nucleus
67
pain modulation
Periaqueductal Gray
68
voluntary movement
Substansia Nigra
69
regulating wakefulness, alertness and sleep-wake cycle
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
70
What are the parts included in the hindbrain?
- Pons
- Cerebellum
- Medulla Oblongata
71
it serves as a communication
bridge between different parts of the brain
Pons
72
- little brain
- involved in the coordination of
voluntary motor activities
Cerebellum
73
it controls vital involuntary or
autonomic functions
Medulla Oblongata
74
Two kinds of reflexes
- Monosynaptic Reflex
- Polysynaptic Reflex
75
- it involves one or more
interneurons in addition to
the sensory and motor
neurons, leading to multiple
synapses
Polysynaptic Reflex
76
withdrawal reflex
Polysynaptic Reflex
77
- involve a single synapse
between a sensory neuron
and a motor neuron, without
interneuron involved
Monosynaptic Reflex
78
knee-jerk or patellar reflex
Monosynaptic Reflex
79
Responsible for the voluntary
skeletal movements
The Somatic System
80
12 pairs of cranial nerves
head region
81
31 pairs of spinal nerves
body region
82
Responsible for the sense of smell (Nose)
Olfactory (sensory)
83
Carries visual information from the retina to the brain (Eyes)
Optic (sensory)
84
Controls most eye movements (Eyes)
Oculomotor (motor)
85
Controls superior oblique muscles (Eyes)
Trochlear (motor)
86
Sensory for the face and motor for mastication (Eyes, jaw, cheek, tongue)
Trigeminal (mixed)
87
Innervates the lateral rectus muscle (Eyes)
Abducens (motor)
88
Controls muscles of facial expression and taste sensation (Face and tongue)
Facial (mixed)
89
Provide taste sensation and swallowing and salivation (Tongue and pharynx)
Glossopharyngeal (mixed)
90
Controls autonomic functions and provides sensation from the thoracic and abdominal organs (Neck, thorax and abdomen)
Vagus (mixed)
91
Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, facilitating head and shoulder movement (Pharynx and larynx)
Accessory (motor)
92
Controls tongue movements for speech and swallowing
Hypoglossal (motor)
93
Responsible for heading and balance
Vestibulocochlear or Auditory (sensory)
94
Supplies muscles of the neck
C1 (CERVICAL NERVES)
95
Sensory for the back of the head
C2 (CERVICAL)
96
Supplies neck muscles and skin
C3 (CERVICAL)
97
Innervates the diaphragm (with C3 and C5)
C4 (CERVICAL)
98
Innervates the shoulder and arm muscles
C5 (CERVICAL)
99
Sensory input from the thumb and motor to forearm muscles
C6 (CERVICAL)
100
Sensory from the index and middle fingers and motor to arm muscles
C7 (CERVICAL)
101
Sensory from the ring and little fingers and motor to hand muscles
C8 (CERVICAL)
102
Sensory for the upper chest and motor to arm muscles
T1 (THORACIC NERVES)
103
Sensory and motor innervation for the trunk and abdominal wall, as well as intercostal muscles (involved in breathing)
T2 - T12 (THORACIC)
104
Sensory for the posterior leg and foot and motor to gluteal muscles
S1 (SACRAL NERVES)
105
Sensory from the back of the legs and motor to the pelvic floor muscles
S2 (SACRAL)
106
Sensory and motor functions for the pelvic organs, including bladder control and sexual functions
S3 - S5 (SACRAL)
107
Sensory for the lower back and motor to hip flexor muscles
L1 (LUMBAR NERVES)
108
Sensory from the thigh and motor to leg muscles
L2 (LUMBAR)
109
Sensory from the knee area and motor to the thigh
L3 (LUMBAR)
110
Sensory for the medial leg and foot and motor to leg muscles
L4 (LUMBAR)
111
Sensory from the foot and motor to muscles that extend the toes
L5 (LUMBAR)
112
Supplies sensory innervation to the skin over the coccyx
Co1 (COCCYGEAL NERVE)
113
Responsible for all involuntary
movements within the body that keeps us alive
The Autonomic System
114
Also called as Visceral System
The Autonomic System
115
Two systems of Autonomic System
- Sympathetic System
- Parasympathetic System
116
fight or flight reactions to stress
or emergency situations
Sympathetic System
117
promotes rest and digest
activities. helping the body calm
down
Parasympathetic System
118
Network of glands and organs that produce, store, and secrete
hormones into the bloodstream, which are chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions
The Endocrine System
119
Melatonin controls sleepiness and onset of puberty
Pineal gland
120
Oxytocin controls milk release, etc. Vasopressin controls blood pressure and urine volume
Posterior pituitary
121
hormone that controls metabolic rate
Thyroid
122
hormone that control other glands
Anterior Pituitary
123
control calcium and potassium
Parathyroids (behind thyroid)
124
hormones that control metabolism and salt retention
Adrenal gland
125
Insulin and glucagon control glucose storage and use
Pancreas
126
hormones that control sexual behaviors
ovary (female) and testis (male)
127
This is where the brain floats and is protected by the skull
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
