LESSON 3 Flashcards
Physiological Bases of Behavior
Complex network of cells and
tissues responsible for coordinating and controlling bodily functions
The Nervous System
consists of the brain and the
spinal cord
Central Nervous System (CNS)
composes all the nerve fibers
that connect the receptors to
the central nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
also known as nerve cell, the basic structural and functioning unit of the nervous system
Neurons
organizes and keeps the cell
functional
Cell body
receives messages from other
neurons and carry them towards the cell body
Dendrite
carries messages away from the cell body
Axon
produces myelin sheath
Schwann Cell
increases the speed of nerve
impulses
Myelin Sheath
sends messages to other neuron
Axon Terminal
What are the three types of neurons?
- Sensory or Afferent Neurons
- Motor or Efferent Neurons
- Inter or Connector Neurons
most abundant in the brain and
plays a key role in thinking,
learning, and memory
Glutamate
most common inhibitory
neurotransmitter in the brain and regulates mood, sleep, seizures
GABA
regulates mood, sleep patterns,
sexuality, appetite, and pain
Serotonin
body reward system, pleasures,
achieving heightened arousal
Dopamine
responsible for fight-or-flight
response
Epinephrine
alertness, arousal, decision
making, attention, and focus
Norepinephrine
natural pain reliever, reduces pain
Endorphines
regulates heart rate, blood pressure and gut motility, role in muscle contraction, memory,
motivation, sexual desire, sleep,
and learning
Acetylcholine
High: Psychosis, Neuron Death
Low: Huntington’s Disease
Glutamate
High: Relaxation
Low: Anxiety/OCD
GABA
High: Mania
Low: Depression, Anxiety, Eating Disorders
Serotonin
High: Schizophrenia
Low: Parkinson’s
Dopamine
High: Stress, Sleep Disorders
Low: Fatigue
Epinephrine
High: Mania
Low: Depression
Norepinephrine
Low: Eating Disorders
Endorphines
Low: Alzheimer’s (Dementia)
Acetylcholine
The brain floats on a bath of
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and it is
protected by the skull. Also called the master organ
Brain
What are the divisions of the brain?
Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
What are the parts included in the forebrain?
- Cerebrum
- Basal Ganglia
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Limbic System
- Telencephalon
- Seat of Consciousness
Cerebrum
- It consists of right cerebral
hemisphere and left cerebral
hemisphere
Cerebrum
- Each hemisphere consists of 4 lobes
Cerebrum
the outer layer of the cerebrum, is involved in complex brain functions
Cerebral cortex
Analytic thought
Left Hemisphere
Art Awareness
Right Hemisphere
Logic
Left Hemisphere
Creativity
Right Hemisphere
Reasoning
Left Hemisphere
Imagination, Intuition, Insights
Right Hemisphere
Science and math
Left Hemisphere
Music Awareness, 3-D Forms
Right Hemisphere
Written, Number Skills
Left Hemisphere
Left-hand control
Right Hemisphere
Right-hand control
Left Hemisphere
What are the 4 lobes in cerebrum?
- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
reasoning, planning,
movement, and problem-
solving
Frontal Lobe
somatosensory processing
Parietal Lobe
auditory processing
Temporal Lobe
visual processing
Occipital Lobe
collections of neurons crucial to
motor function
Basal Ganglia
relays incoming sensory
information through groups of
neurons that project to the
appropriate region in the cortex
Thalamus
- endocrine system
- autonomic nervous system
survival behavior (e.g., fighting,
feeding, fleeing, and mating);
Hypothalamus
- it is involved in controlling the
pituitary gland which governs
hormone production and release
Hypothalamus
involved in learning, emotion
and motivation
Limbic System
role in anger and aggression
Amygdala
- seahorse
- responsible for memory
formation
Hippocampus
Mesencephalon
The Midbrain
What are the parts included in the midbrain?
- Tectum
- Tegmentum
- Reticular Activating System (RAS)
back part of the midbrain
Tectum
Two parts of Tectum
- Superior Colliculi
- Inferior Colliculi
visual information
Superior Colliculi
auditory information
Inferior Colliculi
front part of the midbrain
Tegmentum
Three parts of Tegmentum
- Red Nucleus
- Periaqueductal Gray
- Substansia Nigra
motor coordination
Red Nucleus
pain modulation
Periaqueductal Gray
voluntary movement
Substansia Nigra
regulating wakefulness, alertness and sleep-wake cycle
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
What are the parts included in the hindbrain?
- Pons
- Cerebellum
- Medulla Oblongata
it serves as a communication
bridge between different parts of the brain
Pons
- little brain
- involved in the coordination of
voluntary motor activities
Cerebellum
it controls vital involuntary or
autonomic functions
Medulla Oblongata
Two kinds of reflexes
- Monosynaptic Reflex
- Polysynaptic Reflex
- it involves one or more
interneurons in addition to
the sensory and motor
neurons, leading to multiple
synapses
Polysynaptic Reflex
withdrawal reflex
Polysynaptic Reflex
- involve a single synapse
between a sensory neuron
and a motor neuron, without
interneuron involved
Monosynaptic Reflex
knee-jerk or patellar reflex
Monosynaptic Reflex
Responsible for the voluntary
skeletal movements
The Somatic System
12 pairs of cranial nerves
head region
31 pairs of spinal nerves
body region
Responsible for the sense of smell (Nose)
Olfactory (sensory)
Carries visual information from the retina to the brain (Eyes)
Optic (sensory)
Controls most eye movements (Eyes)
Oculomotor (motor)
Controls superior oblique muscles (Eyes)
Trochlear (motor)
Sensory for the face and motor for mastication (Eyes, jaw, cheek, tongue)
Trigeminal (mixed)
Innervates the lateral rectus muscle (Eyes)
Abducens (motor)
Controls muscles of facial expression and taste sensation (Face and tongue)
Facial (mixed)
Provide taste sensation and swallowing and salivation (Tongue and pharynx)
Glossopharyngeal (mixed)
Controls autonomic functions and provides sensation from the thoracic and abdominal organs (Neck, thorax and abdomen)
Vagus (mixed)
Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, facilitating head and shoulder movement (Pharynx and larynx)
Accessory (motor)
Controls tongue movements for speech and swallowing
Hypoglossal (motor)
Responsible for heading and balance
Vestibulocochlear or Auditory (sensory)
Supplies muscles of the neck
C1 (CERVICAL NERVES)
Sensory for the back of the head
C2 (CERVICAL)
Supplies neck muscles and skin
C3 (CERVICAL)
Innervates the diaphragm (with C3 and C5)
C4 (CERVICAL)
Innervates the shoulder and arm muscles
C5 (CERVICAL)
Sensory input from the thumb and motor to forearm muscles
C6 (CERVICAL)
Sensory from the index and middle fingers and motor to arm muscles
C7 (CERVICAL)
Sensory from the ring and little fingers and motor to hand muscles
C8 (CERVICAL)
Sensory for the upper chest and motor to arm muscles
T1 (THORACIC NERVES)
Sensory and motor innervation for the trunk and abdominal wall, as well as intercostal muscles (involved in breathing)
T2 - T12 (THORACIC)
Sensory for the posterior leg and foot and motor to gluteal muscles
S1 (SACRAL NERVES)
Sensory from the back of the legs and motor to the pelvic floor muscles
S2 (SACRAL)
Sensory and motor functions for the pelvic organs, including bladder control and sexual functions
S3 - S5 (SACRAL)
Sensory for the lower back and motor to hip flexor muscles
L1 (LUMBAR NERVES)
Sensory from the thigh and motor to leg muscles
L2 (LUMBAR)
Sensory from the knee area and motor to the thigh
L3 (LUMBAR)
Sensory for the medial leg and foot and motor to leg muscles
L4 (LUMBAR)
Sensory from the foot and motor to muscles that extend the toes
L5 (LUMBAR)
Supplies sensory innervation to the skin over the coccyx
Co1 (COCCYGEAL NERVE)
Responsible for all involuntary
movements within the body that keeps us alive
The Autonomic System
Also called as Visceral System
The Autonomic System
Two systems of Autonomic System
- Sympathetic System
- Parasympathetic System
fight or flight reactions to stress
or emergency situations
Sympathetic System
promotes rest and digest
activities. helping the body calm
down
Parasympathetic System
Network of glands and organs that produce, store, and secrete
hormones into the bloodstream, which are chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions
The Endocrine System
Melatonin controls sleepiness and onset of puberty
Pineal gland
Oxytocin controls milk release, etc. Vasopressin controls blood pressure and urine volume
Posterior pituitary
hormone that controls metabolic rate
Thyroid
hormone that control other glands
Anterior Pituitary
control calcium and potassium
Parathyroids (behind thyroid)
hormones that control metabolism and salt retention
Adrenal gland
Insulin and glucagon control glucose storage and use
Pancreas
hormones that control sexual behaviors
ovary (female) and testis (male)
This is where the brain floats and is protected by the skull
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
